F luid Mec hanic s

Free and forced vortex, Forces on

pressure conduits, reducers and bends,
stationary and moving blades, torques in
rotating machines.

Dr. Mohsin Siddique

Assistant Professor
NU-FAST Lahore
1
F ree and F orc ed Vortex F low
Vortex flow is defined as flow along curved path.

It is of two types namely; (1). Free vortex flow and (2)

forced vortex flow

If the fluid particles are moving around a curved path with the
help of some external torque the flow is called forced vortex
flow. And if no external force is acquired to rotate the fluid
particle, the flow is called free vortex flow.

2
F orc ed Vortex F low (R otat ional
F Itlow)
is defined as that type of flow, in which some external torque
is required to rotate the fluid mass.

The fluid mass in this type of flow rotate at constant

angular velocity, ω.The tangential velocity, V, of any fluid
particle is given by
V= ω r,
W here, r is radius of fluid particle from the axis of rotation

Examples of forced vortex flow are;

1. A vertical cylinder containing liquid which is rotated about its central
axis with a constant angular velocity ω,
2. Flow of liquid inside impeller of a centrifugal pump
3. Flow of water through runner
3
F orc ed Vortex F low (R otat ional
F low)

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F ree Vort ex F low (Irrotational
flow)
W hen no external torque is required to rotate the fluid
mass,
that type of flow is called free vortex flow.

Thus the liquid in case of free vortex flow is rotating due to

the rotation which is imparted to the fluid previously.

Example of free vortex flow are

1. Flow of liquid through a hole provided at the bottom of container
2. Flow of liquid around a circular bend in pipe
3. A whirlpool in river
4. Flow of fluid in a centrifugal pump casing

5
F ree Vort ex F low (Irrotational
flow)
The relation between velocity and radius, in free vortex flow is
obtained by putting the value of external torque equal to zero, or
the time rate of change of angular momentum, i.e., moment of
momentum must be zero. C onsider a fluid particle of mass
“m” at a radial distance, r, from the axis of rotation, having a
tangential velocity,V, then

Angular momentum=(mass)x(velocity)=mV
Moment of momentum=(momentum)xr=mVr
Rate of change of angular momentum=d(mVr)/dt
For free vortex flow, there is not torque i.e.,
d(mVr)/dt=0
Integrating, we get
mVr=constant or
6 Vxr=C 1/m=C
Vxr=C
E quation of m otion for vort ex flow
C onsider a fluid element ABC D
(shown shaded) in figure
rotating at uniform velocity in a
horizontal plane about an axis
perpendicular to the plane of
paper and passing through O.

The forces acting on element

are;
(1).
(II Pressure  force p∆A on face
p  r r A on face
p
) 
AB 
CD
🞂
(iii) centrifugal force, mV2/r,
acting in direction away from
the center, O
7
E quation of m otion for vort ex flow
Now,
Mass of element=mass density x
Volume
2
C entrifugal m  rA
rAVr
force=
Equating the forces in radial
directions we get
2
 p  V
 p  r r A  pA  r
2
rA  V
 p
r A  r
 r rA

 p    V
2
 r 
rEquation gives the pressure variation along the radical direction
8 for a forced or free vortex flow in horizontal plane
E quation of m otion for vort ex flow
The pressure variation in the vertical plane is given
by the hydrostatic law, i.e.,
 p 
  g
 z 
In above equation, z is measure vertically in the upward direction.
The pressure ,p, varies with respect to r and z or p is the function
of r and z and hence total derivative of p is
p p
dp  dr  dz
r z
Substituting values from above equations we get;

2
dp   V dr 
gdz r
Equation of M otion for Vortex
9
Flow
E quation of forc ed vortex flow
For forced vortex flow, we have;
2
V r N
W here ω is angular   60
velocity=constt
Substituting the values of V in equation of
of vortex
motion 2 2
p    r dr 
flow r
gdz
C onsider two points 1 and 2 in the fluid
having forced vortex and integrating above
equation for point 1 and point 2, we get
2 2 2

 d p    2 r dr   gdz
1 1
1
 2 2 2
p2  p1  2
 r2  r1  g z 2 
10 z1 
E quation of forc ed vortex flow

p2  p1 
2
 r 2
2
2

 2 r12  gz2  z1

QV2  r2 &V1 

 
r 1  2
p2  p1 
2

V2 V12  gz2  z1 
 
If the point 1 and 2 lie on the free surface then,
p1=p2=Patm=0 and hence above equation
become;
 2
0  V2 V1 2 
2
g
1 2
z2  z1 
2g
 V2 V1 2


11
E quation of forc ed vortex flow
If the point 1 lie on axis of rotation then, v1=
ω r1=
ω x0=0 and hence above equation becomes;
z 2  z1  1 V22

2g
 1 1  2 r2
Z   V22  Q Z  z2  z1  z 2 

2
2g 2g
 0
Thus, Z varies with square of r. Hence,
equation is an equation of parabola.This
means the free surface is paraboloid

12
E quation of F ree Vortex F low
For free vortex flow, we have;
Vr  contt  C
V C/r
Substituting v for free vortex flow in
equation of motion of vortex flow
2 2 2
V C C
dp   r dr  gdz   r dr  gdz   3 dr 
r
gdz 2
r two points 1 and 2 at radial
Consider
distance r1 and r2 from central axis. The
height of points from the bottom of
vessel is z1 and z2.
Integrating above equation for the
points 21 and2 2 we2 get 2
C
13
 dp    r3
dr   gdz
E quation of F ree Vortex F low
2 2 2 2 2 2

1 dp  1  r
C 3 dr 
1 gdz   c 2
1 dr 1
r 3

gdz
C 2  1 1 
p 2  p1    2  2   g z2  z1
2  r2 r1 

p2  p1    C2  C 2   g z 2  z1
2 2

2  r2 r1 

 
p 2  p1  
2
 2
2

V12  gz2  z1
V 
p 2  p1 g
g
    C2  C 2  
2g 2 r
2

r1  g 
 z2  z1  
2g

V22 V12  2z  z1
 2
 2 
p2 p1 2
V2 V1 2
p1 V1 p2 V22
    z2  z1 z1    z2  
g g
14
2g 2g  2g  2g
15
Numeric al: F orc ed vortex flow

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Numeric al: F orc ed Vort ex flow

17
Numeric al: F ree Vortex F low

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Numeric al: F ree Vortex F low

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 PART
II

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Momentum and F orc es in F luid F low
We have all seen moving fluids exerting forces.The lift force on an
aircraft is exerted by the air moving over the wing. A jet of water from
a hose exerts a force on whatever it hits.

In fluid mechanics the analysis of motion is performed in the same way

as in solid mechanics - by use of Newton’s laws of motion.

i.e., F = ma which is used in the analysis of solid mechanics to relate

applied force to acceleration.

In fluid mechanics it is not clear what mass of moving fluid we should

use so we use a different form of the equation.

d
 F  ma 
dt
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mV s
Momentum and F orc es in F luid F low
N ewton’s 2nd Law can be written:
The Rate of change of momentum of a body is equal to the resultant force
acting on the body, and takes place in the direction of the force.

d mV s
F
dt

F Sum of all external forces on a body of fluid or system s

mV  Momentum of fluid body in direction s

The symbols F and V represent vectors and so the change in momentum

must be in the same direction as force.
 Fdt  d mV s
22 It is also termed as impulse momentum
principle
Momentum and F orc es in F luid F low
Let’s start by assuming that we
have steady flow which is non-
uniform flowing in a stream
tube.

In time δt a volume of the fluid

moves from the inlet a
distance u δt , so the volume
entering the in the time
streamtube
A streamtube in three and two-
δt is dimensions

volume entering the stream tube = area x 

distance A u t
mass entering stream tube = volume x  1 1 1
density
A1u1xvelocity
momentum of fluid entering stream tube = mass t  1
23 A1u1t u1
momentum of fluid leaving stream tube   2 A2 u 2t u 2
Momentum and F orc es in F luid F low
N ow, according to N ewton’s 2nd Law the force exerted by
the fluid is equal to the rate of change of momentum. So
Force=rate of change of momentum

F
2 A2u2tu2  1 A1u1tu1  2 A2u2tu2  1 A1u1tu1
t

t  2 Q2 u2  1 Q1 1

t
We know fromt continuity u
of incompressible flow, ρ=ρ1=
t
ρ2 & Q=Q =Q
 2 A2 u 2t u 2 1 A1u1t u1
1 2
F 
F  Qu 2  u1  mu 2  u1 
This analysis assumed that the inlet and outlet velocities were in
the same direction - i.e. a one dimensional system.What happens
when this is not the case?
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Momentum and F orc es in F luid F low
C onsider the two
dimensional system in the
figure below:
At the inlet the velocity
vector, u1 , makes an angle, θ1
, with the x-axis, while at the
outlet u2 make an angle θ 2.
In this case we consider the
forces by resolving in the Two dimensional flow in a
directions of the co-ordinate streamtube
axes.
The force in the x-direction

25
Momentum and F orc es in F luid F low
The force in the y-direction

The resultant force can be determined by combining Fx and

Fy vectorially as

And the angle at which F acts is

given by

26
Momentum and F orc es in F luid F low
For a three-dimensional (x, y, z) system we then have an extra
force to calculate and resolve in the z direction.
This is considered in exactly the same way.

In summary we can say: The total force the fluid = rate of change
of momentum through the control volume

27
Momentum and F orc es in F luid F low
Note that we are working with vectors so F is in the direction
of the velocity. This force is made up of three components:

FR = Force exerted on the fluid by any solid body touching the

control volume
FB = Force exerted on the fluid body (e.g. gravity)
FP = Force exerted on the fluid by fluid pressure outside the
control volume

So we say that the total force, FT, is given by the sum of

these forces:
FT= FR+ FB +FP
The force exerted by the fluid on the solid body touching
28the control volume is opposite to FR . So the reaction force, R, is
given by
Application of the Momentum Equation
In common application of the momentum
principle, we use it to find forces that flowing fluid
exert on structures open to the atmosphere like gate
and overflow spillways

In the following section, we will consider the

application of momentum principle for the following
cases.
1. Force due to the flow of fluid round a pipe bend.
2. Force on a nozzle at the outlet of a pipe.
3. Impact of a jet on a plane surface.
4. Force due to flow round a curved vane.
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Force due to the flow of fluid round a pipe bend

Flow round a pipe bend of Control

volume constant cross-section

Coordinate system: It is convenient to choose the co-

ordinate axis so that one is pointing in the direction of the
inlet velocity.
In the above figure the x-axis points in the direction of the
inlet velocity.
Let’s compute, total force, pressure force, body force and
resultant force
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Force due to the flow of fluid round a pipe bend

Flow round a pipe bend Control volume

of constant cross-
section
1.Total Force:
In x-direction In y-
direction

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Force due to the flow of fluid round a pipe bend

Control volume
Flow round a pipe bend
of constant cross-
section

2. Pressure force

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Force due to the flow of fluid round a pipe bend

Flow round a pipe bend Control volume

of constant cross-
section

3. Body force:
There are no body forces in the x or y directions.The
only body force is that exerted by gravity (which
acts into the paper in this example - a direction we do
not need to consider).
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Force due to the flow of fluid round a pipe bend

Flow round a pipe bend Control volume

of constant cross-
section

Resultant force

34
Force due to the flow of fluid round a pipe bend

Flow round a pipe bend Control volume

of constant cross-
section
Resultant force
and direction

Finally, the force on bent is same

magnitude but in opposite direction
35
F orc e on a Pipe Nozzle
Force on the nozzle at the
outlet of a pipe. Because the
fluid is contracted at the
nozzle forces are induced in
the nozzle.
Anything holding the nozzle
(e.g. a fireman) must be
strong enough to withstand
Control volume of nozzle
these forces.
C ontrol volume of coordinate
system of nozzle is shown in
figure

Resultant force on nozzle =

Total force - Pressure force
- Body force
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F orc e on a Pipe Nozzle
Total
Force

C ontrol volume of nozzle

Pressure Force = pressure force at 1 - pressure force at 2

2 2
1 2
Z 1  P1  V  Z 2  P2  V P2
 2g  2g Z1  Z 2 0

V 2
2

V 2
Q2  1  1 
1
P     1    2 2 
2g 2g  A2 A1 
2
37
F orc e on a Pipe Nozzle
B ody Force: The only
body force is the weight
due to gravity in the y-
direction - but we need
not consider this as the
only forces we are
considering are in the x- C ontrol volume of
direction. nozzle
Resultant force on nozzle=total force - pressure force - body
force

38
Impac t of a J et on a Plane

A perpendicular jet
C ontrol volume and
hitting a plane.
C o- ordinate axis
Resultant force of jet = Total force - Pressure force -
Body force Resultant force of jet = Total force+0+0
Total force

39
Impac t of a J et on a Plane

A perpendicular jet
C ontrol volume and
hitting a plane.
C o- ordinate axis
Resultant force of jet = Total force - Pressure force -
Body force

H ence, the resultant

force
40
F orc e on a c urved vane
This case is similar to that of a
pipe, but the analysis is
simpler because the pressures
are equal - atmospheric , and
both the cross- section and
velocities (in the direction of
flow) remain constant.
The jet, vane and co-
ordinate direction are Jet deflected by a curved
arranged as in the figure . vane

Solve urself I am tired

now !!

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 Thank you
Questions….

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contact:

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