RADIO

NAVIGATION
CAPT. GOWRI SANKKAR V
RADIO WAVE
RADIO WAVE

HOW?
WHEN YOU SUPPLY AN ALTERNATING CURRENT TO AN
AERIAL OR A WIRE RADIO WAVE IS PRODUCED

WHAT?
RADIO WAVE IS AN ELECTRO MAGNETIC WAVE WHICH
HAS ELECTRIC FIELD AND MAGNETIC FIELD
PERPENDICULAR TO EACH OTHER IN THE DIRECTION
OF PROPAGATION
SPEED OF A RADIO WAVE

186000 STATUE MILES/SEC

162000 NAUTICAL MILES/SEC
300000000 M/SEC
300 MILLION METER/SEC
RADIO WAVE
POLARISATION

THE POLARIZATION OF A RADIOWAVE

REFERS TO THE ORIENTATION OF THE
ELECTRIC FIELD IN THE WAVE. THE
ELECTRIC FIELD CAN BE ORIENETED
VERTICALLY OR HORIZONTALLY.
VERTICALY POLARISED WAVE
VERTICAL POLARIZATION

A wave is Vertically Polarised when the

electrical component E, travels in the vertical
plane and its associated magnetic components
H, in the horizontal plane.
HORIZONTAL POLARIZATION

A wave is horizontally polarised when the

Electrical component E travels in the
horizontal plane and the magnetic component
H in the vertical plane.
MODULATION

Process of impressing intelligence on a radio

wave is called modulation. In this, the radio
wave is called the carrier wave and the
information impressed on the radio wave is
called the modulating wave.
TYPES OF MODULATION

KEYING
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
FREQUENCY MODULATION
PULSE MODULATION
PHASE MODULATION
AMPLITUDE MODULATION: when amplitude of
the carrier is varied in confirmation with the
amplitude of the audio modulating signal, keeping
the FREQUENCY constant.
FREQUENCY MODULATION: when frequency
of the carrier is varied in confirmation with the
amplitude of the radio modulating signal, keeping
the AMPLITUDE constant
.
PULSE MODULATION

In pulse modulation, the amplitude, width, or

position of the pulses is varied to convey the
information.
There are several types of pulse modulation
techniques, including pulse width modulation
(PWM), pulse position modulation (PPM), and
pulse amplitude modulation (PAM).
TYPES OF PROPAGATION

SURFACE WAVES – Which reach receiver by traveling

along the surface of the earth and bend around the surface
of earth.

DIRECT WAVES – VHF band and higher frequencies –

The waves reaching a receiver in straight line (light of
sight) are called Direct Waves.
REFLECTED WAVES – waves reflected by an
object.

SPACE WAVES- Direct + Ground reflected waves

GROUND WAVES – Space waves + Surface

waves or direct waves + Ground Reflected waves +
Surface waves
Sky waves- The waves refracted by the ionosphere
are called sky waves. Used in long range (HF).

DIRECT WAVE + GROUND REFLECTED WAVE = SPACE

WAVE
SPACE WAVE + SURFACE WAVE = GROUND WAVE
ATTENUATION
Is caused as wave comes in contact with surface at induces
currents, losing energy and slowing down at the bottom.
Attenuation depends upon:
1.Type of surface
2Freq in use higher the freq, greater the attenuation
3.Polarisation of radio wave: vertically polarised waves
have min attenuation
1.NDB
NDB is an omnidirectional beacon on ground transmitting vertically
polarized signals in MF/LF band. Type of emission is NON A1A
NON A2A.
ADF is an airborne eqpt. That can tune in to signals from NDB and
measure direction of the incoming signal. ADF measures direction in
relation to the nose of the aircraft. Hence, these are RELATIVE
BEARINGS.
NDB – Transmitter on Ground
ADF – Airborne equipment
MEASURES RELATIVE BEARING (Fixed Card)

RANGE – 200 nm by day and 70nm by night.

ACCURACY: +/-5° within beacon protected range

FREQUENCY: 190-1750 KHZ (upper LF and lower MF)

PROTECTED RANGE VALID ONLY DURING DAY