Hydro power, tidal, seawave and

ocean current
(Energi air dan laut)

Nama Matakuliah : Konsep Dasar EBT

Kode : MSN1.62.5010
Pertemuan ke : Dua
Dosen Pengampu : Remon Lapisa

Program Studi S-1 Teknik Mesin

Jurusan Teknik Mesin – FT Universitas Negeri Padang
 Capaian Pembelajaran Sub- Materi
Mahasiswa mampu memahami dan menjelaskan:
a. Prinsip dasar energi air dan gelombang laut
b. Pemanfaatan energi air dan gelombang laut dan teknologinya

OUTLINE MATERI

• Prinsip dasar energi air

• Prinsip dasar energi gelombang laut
• Pengenalan teknologi Pemanfaatan :
• Energi air
• Energi gelombang laut
Introduction...
• There are 1.4 billion
cubic kilameters of Water Cycle
water on earth
(97.5% is salt water
and 2.5 is fresh
water)
• Water in rivers and
lakes only 0.02% of
total water in earth,
• 980 liters of water
evaporate from 1 m2
of earth surface due
to the sun
What do hydro systems provide ?

• Electricity for
– Central-grids
– Isolated-grids
– Remote power supplies
Photo Credit: Robin Hughes/ PNS

…but also…

– Reliability
– Very low operating costs
– Reduced exposure to energy
price volatility
Hydro power
Hydropower is energy from water such as the ocean, rivers and
waterfalls.
The key advantages of hydro power are:
High efficiency (70 - 90%), by far the best of all energy
technologies.
High capacity factor (typically >50%)
High level of predictability, varying with annual rainfall patterns
Slow rate of change; the output power varies only gradually from
day to day (not from minute to minute).
 A good correlation with demand i.e. output is maximum in
winter
 It is a long-lasting and robust technology; systems can readily be
engineered to last for 50 years or more.
Hydro power basics
Head and Flow
Hydraulic power can be captured
wherever a flow of water falls from
a higher level to a lower level. The
vertical fall of the water, known as
the “head”.
Flow Rate in the river, is the volume
of water passing per second,
measured in m3/sec. For small
schemes, the flow rate may also be
expressed in litres/second or 1
m3/sec.
Power and Energy

1. Power is the energy converted per second, i.e. the

rate of work being done, measured in watts (where
1watt = 1 Joule/sec. and 1 kilowatt = 1000 watts).
2. In a hydro power plant, potential energy of the
water is first converted to equivalent amount of
kinetic energy. Thus, the height of the water is
utilized to calculate its potential energy and this
energy is converted to speed up the water at the
intake of the turbine and is calculated by balancing
these potential and kinetic energy of water.
Energy Output

• Energy is the work done in a given time,

measured in Joules. Electricity is a form of
energy, but is generally expressed in its own
units of kilowatt-hours (kWh) where 1 kWh =
3600 Joules and is the electricity supplied by 1
kW working for 1 hour. The annual energy
output is then estimated using the Capacity
Factor (CF) as follows
Early irrigation waterwheel
Early watermill

Exp: Watermill in the Alps (france)

Breast shot and overshoot whelle

Overshot

Breastshot
How does hydropower works ?
• Water from the
reservoir flows due to
gravity to drive the
turbine.
• Turbine is connected
to a generator.
• Power generated is
transmitted over
power lines.
Technology of hydropower
Storage power plants
• It can produce high levels of power output
• Use Dams to store a huge masses of water
• Example: Kaprun in Austria
Impoundment facility

Contoh: Hoover dam (USA)

Dam Types

• Arch
– Arch shape gives strength
– Less material (cheaper)
– Narrow sites
– Need strong abutments
• Gravity
– Weight holds dam in place
– Lots of concrete (expensive)
• Buttress
– Face is held up by a series of
supports
– Flat or curved face
• Embankment or Earth
– Earth or rock
– Weight resists flow of water
Diversion (Run-of-River)

Contoh:
Tazimina, Alaska
Diversion (Run-of-River)
• Can be built anywhere on a river
• Can run multiples turbin in parallel
• Example: power plant in Laufenburg-Germany
Pumped storage Power plants
• During Storage, water
pumped from lower reservoir
to higher one.
• Water released back to lower
reservoir to generate
electricity.
• Operation : Two pools of
Water
– Upper pool –
impoundment
– Lower pool – natural
lake, river or storage
reservoir
• Advantages :
– Production of peak power
– Can be built anywhere
with reliable supply of
water
Pumped storage

• Completed 1967
Example
• Capacity – 324 MW Goldisthal-Germany
– Two 162 MW units
• Purpose – energy storage
– Water pumped uphill at night
• Low usage – excess base load capacity
– Water flows downhill during day/peak periods
– Helps Xcel to meet surge demand
• E.g., air conditioning demand on hot summer days
• Typical efficiency of 70 – 85%
Type of head of hydro system
Small hydro system description
Definisi Small hydro
Size of hydropower plants
• Definitions may vary.
• Large plants : capacity >30 MW
• Small Plants : capacity b/w 100 kW to 30 MW
• Micro Plants : capacity up to 100 kW

Micro Scale

Large Scale

Small Scale
Main elements of hydro power
Part of hydro system

• Intake and power canal

• Forebay
– Must be able to cope
with largest flow required
by turbine
• Penstock
– Keep as short as
possible?
• Powerhouse
– Should be close to
settlement (reduces
transmission costs) or
easily accessible (for
maintenance)
• Tailrace
– Should empty into
natural water course
Main elements of hydro power
Main components of a small scale hydro power scheme can be
summarized as follows:
• Water is taken from the river by diverting it through an intake
at a weir.
• In medium or high-head installations water may first be carried
horizontally to the forebay tank by a small canal or ‘leat’.
Before descending to the turbine, the water passes through a settling tank or
‘forebay’ in which the water is slowed down sufficiently for suspended
particles to settle out. Forebay is usually protected by a rack of metal bars (a
trash rack) which filters out waterborne debris.
A pressure pipe, or ‘penstock’, conveys the water from the forebay
to the turbine, which is enclosed in the powerhouse together with
the generator and control equipment.
The power house
Yield and economics

So losses overall are about 50%

Generating Technologies
Types of Hydro Turbines:
• Impulse turbines
– Uses the velocity of the water to
move the runner and discharges
to atmospheric pressure.
– The water stream hits each
bucket on the runner.
– No suction downside, water
flows out through turbine
housing after hitting.
– High head, low flow
applications.
– Types : Pelton wheel, Cross
Flow
• Reaction turbines
– Propeller Turbines : Bulb
turbine, Straflo, Tube Turbine,
Kaplan Turbine
– Francis Turbines
– Kinetic Turbines
Type of turbine

There are various types of turbine:

a. Pelton Turbine
Consists of a wheel with a series of split
buckets set around its rim; a high velocity
jet of water is directed tangentially at the
wheel. The jet hits each bucket and is split
in half, so that each half is turned and
deflected back almost through 180º.
Nearly all the energy of the water goes into
propelling the bucket and the deflected
water falls into a discharge channel.
b. Turgo turbine
Is similar to the Pelton but the jet strikes the plane of the
runner at an angle (typically 20°) so that the water enters
the runner on one side and exits on the other. Therefore
the flow rate is not limited by the discharged fluid
interfering with the incoming jet (as is the case with
Pelton turbines). As a consequence, a Turgo turbine can
have a smaller diameter runner than a Pelton for an
equivalent power.
c. Crossflow turbine
It has a drum-like rotor with a solid disk at each end and
gutter-shaped “slats” joining the two disks. A jet of water
enters the top of the rotor through the curved blades,
emerging on the far side of the rotor by passing through
the blades a 2nd time. The shape of the blades is such that
on each passage through the periphery of the rotor the
water transfers some of its momentum, before falling away
with little residual energy.
Operating ares of differents water turbines
Fundamental of hydro power : The equation of Energy

p   gh

p   g h  h f 
hs  h  h f  H
 
p   g h  h f   gH

P  Fv  APv  vA gH
 Q  gH
Hydro power calculation

P  g   Q  H
P  10   Q  H
• P = power in kilowatts (kW)
• g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2)
•  = turbo-generator efficiency (0<n<1)
• Q = quantity of water flowing (m3/sec)
• H = effective head (m)
Power delivered

• Power delivered
– per square kilometre of catchment
– per meter of annual rainfall
– per meter of head

P  0.5Q  gH  0.5  kPA   gH

 0.6  1  1,000,000 
 0.5     1000  10  1
 60  60  24  365 
 95.13

Which is pretty close to 100W/km2/mrain/mhead

Environmental impact of hydro power plant
BENEFITS DISADVANTAGES

• Environmental Benefits of Hydro • The loss of land under the

• No operational greenhouse reservoir.
gas emissions • Interference with the transport
• Savings (kg of CO2 per MWh of sediment by the dam.
of electricity):
• Problems associated with the
– Coal 1000 kg
reservoir.
– Oil 800 kg
– Climatic and seismic effects.
– Gas 400 kg
– Impact on aquatic
• No SO2 or NOX
ecosystems, flora and fauna.
• Non-environmental benefits
– flood control, irrigation,
transportation, fisheries and
– tourism.
Hydro environmental consideration
• Small hydro development can change
– Fish habitat
– Site aesthetics
– Recreational/navigational uses
• Impacts and environmental assessment
requirements depend on site & type of project:
– Run-of-river at existing dam: relatively minor
– Run-of-river at undeveloped site: dam/weir/diversion
construction
– Water storage developments: larger impacts that
increase with scale of project
Impact of hydroelectric dams
Ecological impacts
• Loss of forests, wildlife habitat, species
• Degradation of upstream catchment areas due to inundation of reservoir area
• Rotting vegetation also emits greenhouse gases
• Loss of aquatic biodiversity, fisheries, other downstream services
• Cumulative impacts on water quality, natural flooding
• Disrupt transfer of energy, sediment, nutrients
• Sedimentation reduces reservoir life, erodes turbines
– Creation of new wetland habitat
– Fishing and recreational opportunities provided by new reservoirs
• Land use – inundation and displacement of people
• Impacts on natural hydrology
– Increase evaporative losses
– Altering river flows and natural flooding cycles
– Sedimentation/silting
• Impacts on biodiversity
– Aquatic ecology, fish, plants, mammals
• Water chemistry changes
– Mercury, nitrates, oxygen
– Bacterial and viral infections
• Seismic Risks
• Structural dam failure risks
Hydro power Positive VS Negative
Tidal Power plants
• Tidal waves due to interaction of the force between moon, sun & earth
• Tidal waves can occur every 12 hours, with elevation drop between 1m-
10m.
Wave power plants
• Three methode in wave power plants: Float Ball system,
chamber system, and tappered channel system
Ocean Current power plants
• Its structure is similar to wind turbine
• Can operate up to 25 m of water depth