READINGS IN

PHILIPPINE
HISTORY

By Prof. Marie Hazel C. Nala, MPA

HISTORY AND
HISTOGRAPHY:
MEANING AND
RELEVANCE
  The word history derived from the Greek
term Historia, which means inquiry or
search" .

MEANING OF  Accounts or inquiries of events that

happened in the past and are narrated in
the chronological order
HISTORY  History is a systematic account of a set
of natural phenomena which arranged in
their chronological order (Aristotle)
 Helps every person to draw conclusion from
the past events helping the person to
understand himself by being acquainted with
other people

IMPORTA Helps person or the government avoid pitfalls

of the present by knowing the rise and fall
NCE OF of other rulers, government and empires.

HISTORY Makes a person's life richer and fuller by

giving meaning to the books he reads
(especially history books, the cities and
metropolis he visits and the cultural
performance he hears and listen to)
 broaden person's outlook in life by
learning and understanding the
various races, cultures, ideosyncrasies,
habits , rituals , ceremonies, etc. Of
the making of contemporary society out
IMPORTA of the diverse forces of the past

NCE OF Enable the person to grasp his

HISTORY relationship with the past, such as to
who ordered the killing of Ninoy Aquino
or why China insist on occupying
territories claimed by the Philippines –
and because of the events, one has to
turn to history for a complete answers
 Helps social and political scientist or
researchers engaged in research as
for example a political research doing
a research on federal form of
government has to draw his data from
the materials of history and finally
IMPORTA
NCE OF History preserves the cultural values
of a nation because it guides society in
HISTORY confronting various crisis. As Allen
Nerins puts it, History is like a bridge
that connects the past with the present
and "pointing the road to the future"
SOURCES OF HISTORY
 1. Documentary sources or documents,
 2. Archaeological records,
 3. Oral and video accounts.
REPOSITORY OF PRIMARY
SOURCES
 The documents, records and other primary sources are basic components of cultural heritage
and collective memory – the embodiment of community identities as well as testament shared
national experiences.
DOCUMENTS
 Example of Documents
 books, newspapers, magazines, journals, maps, architectural
perspectives, paintings, advertisements, and photographs.
 I. Colonial records such as government reports and legal
documents form a significant part of our collection of
documents here and abroad, particularly in Spain and the
United States.
 In the 20th century memoirs or personal accounts written
by important historical personages constitute another type
of documents. Philippine presidents such as Emilio
Aguinaldo, Manuel Quezon, and Diosdado Macapagal
wrote their memoirs to highlight their roles as nation-
builders.
The Philippine Islands, 1493- 1898 (1903-1909) edited by Emma
Blair and James Robertson, which is the most cited collection of
primary sources about the Philippines before the advent of the
American colonial regime.

16th - century chronicles

Antonio Pigafetta’s Primo Viaggio intorno al mundo (1524),
Miguel Loarca’s Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas (1582), and Juan
de Plasencia’s Relacion de las Islas Pilipinas (1592)

Gregorio Zaide and Sonio Zaide, have also compiled and translated
colonial documents. They published the 10- volume Documentary
Sources of Philippine History (1994).
 II. Archaeological records refer to preserved remains of human beings, their
activities, and the environment where they lived.

 Callao Man’s toe bone (dated 67 000 BCE)

 Tabon Man’s skullcap (22 000 BCE)
 Fossils are remains of animals, plants, and other organisms from the distant past,
while artifacts are remnants of material culture developed by human beings.
HISTORICAL
CRITICISM
AUTHENTICITY AND RELIABILITY
OF PRIMARY SOURCES

 External criticism - answers concerns and questions

pertinent to the authenticity of a historical source by
identifying that composed the historical material, locating
when and where the historical material was produced, and
establishing the material’s evidential value.
AUTHENTICITY AND RELIABILITY
OF PRIMARY SOURCES
 Internal criticism - deals with the credibility and
reliability of the content of a given historical source. This
kind of criticism focuses on understanding the substance
and message that the historical materials wants to convey
by examining how the author frame the intent and
meaning of a composed material.
I. INTERNAL CRITICISM
 To some scholars it is impossible that Rizal wrote the poem when
he was 8 yrs old
 He did not know the word Kalayaan at the time the poem was said
to have written.
 He encountered the said term Kalayaan from Del Pilar’s translation
of his essay Amor Patrio
Major Repositories of
Documentary Sources
 NATIONAL LIBRARY
• Philippine Revolutionary Records (1896-1901), a compilation of captured documents of Emilio
Aguinaldo’s revolutionary government,
• Historical Data Papers (1952-1953), a collection of “history and cultural life” of all towns in the
country spearheaded by public school teachers during President Elpidio Quirino’s term.
• Presidential papers of different administrations from Manuel Quezon to Joseph Ejercito.
• “Checklist of Rare Filipiniana Serials (1811-1914),”
• “Filipiniana Serials in Microfilm,”
• several registers of Philippine presidential papers are provided for faster and easier way to look
for historical materials
NATIONAL ARCHIVE – RA
9470 ON MAY 21, 2007
 Strengthened the record-keeping systems and administration program for archival materials
as it is final repository for the voluminous notarized documents in the country.
 Local repositories of primary sources - museums of city provinces, cities and municipalities
in the locality.
 Republic Acts other legislative enactments or statues, the repositories are the Official Gazette
published by National Printing Office.

 Supreme Court decisions, the repositories of the SC decisions are Philippine Reports, citation
of books, treaties, pleadings and even court decisions found in the Supreme Court Reports
Annotated (SCRA)
 NATIONAL ARCHIVES

 Spanish sources,
• Administration Central de Rentas y Propiedades (Central Administration of Rentals and
Properties),
• Administration de Hacienda Publica (Administration of Public Finance),
• Aduana de Manila (Customs Office of Manila),
• Almacenes Generales (General Stores),
• Asuntos Criminales (Criminal matters),
• Ayuntamiento de Manila (Town Council of Manila),
NATIONAL ARCHIVES
• Colera (Cholera),
• Padron General de Chinos (General register of Chinese),
• Presos (Prisoners).
• Cabezas de Barangay (Heads of Barangay),
• Ereccion de los Pueblos (Establishment of Towns),
• Guia Oficial (Official Guide), and
• Memorias (Official Reports of Provincial Governors),
• Civil records, notarial documents, and Japanese wartime crime
 UP MAIN LIBRARY

 Philippine Radical Papers, a compilation of documents relevant to the Partido

Komunista ng Pilipinas (PKP) and its allied organizations as well a People’s
Court Proceedings, a collection of court proceedings against Filipino leaders who
corporate with the Japanese during their short-lived occupation.
 The Ateneo de Manila’s Rizal Library houses the American Historical Collection
that consists of vital documents relevant to the American experience such as the
Reports of the Philippine Commission (1901-1909), Annual Reports of the
Governors-General of the Philippine Islands (1916-1935), and records of the
Philippine legislature from 1907 to 1934.
 Religious congregations such as the Augustinians,
Dominicans, Jesuits, and Recollects also have extensive
archival holdings that remain untapped.
COLONIAL
HISTORIOGRAPHY
 In 1890, Jose Rizal came out with an annotation of Antonio de
Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Events in the Philippine
Islands), a book originally published in 1609. He used de Morga’s
book, a rare Spanish publication that positively viewed precolonial
Filipino culture, as a retort to the arrogant Spaniards. However,
cultural bias against Filipino culture continued even after Rizal’s
death and the end of Spanish colonialism.
FILIPINO HISTORIAN
Teodoro Agoncillo (1950)

pioneered nationalist historiography in the country by

highlighting the role of the Filipino reformists and
revolutionaries from 1872, the year that saw the execution of
the GomBurZa priests, to the end of the Philippine Revolution
as the focal point of the country’s nation-building narrative.
• The Revolt of the Masses: The story of Bonifacio and the
Katipunan (1956)
• Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic (1960).
FILIPINO HISTORIAN
 Renato Constantino
• “The Miseducation of the Filipino” became a staple reading
for academics and activists beginning in the late1960s.
Constantino advanced the idea of a “people’s history” – a
study of the past that sought to analyze society by searching
out people’s voices from colonial historical materials that
typically rendered Filipinos as decadent, inept and vile.
• The Philippines: A Past Revisited (1975), a college textbook
that offered a more critical reading of Philippine history
compared to Agoncillo’s History of the Filipino People
(1973).
FILIPINO HISTORIAN
 Zeus Salazar who conceptualized “Pantayong
Pananaw” as an approach to understanding the
past from our own cultural frame and language.
• emphasized the value of our Austronesian
roots to defining Filipino culture and
encouraged other scholars to conduct
outstanding historical researches in Filipino
such as the work of Jaime Veneracion’s
Kasaysayan ng Bulacan (1986).
FILIPINO HISTORIAN
 Reynaldo Ileto who wrote about his “history
from below” treatise in his ground-breaking
work, Pasyon and Revolution: Popular
Movements in the Philippines, 1840-1910
(1979).
• recognize the way of thinking of ordinary
folks by using alternative historical sources
such as folk songs and prayers.
FILIPINO HISTORIAN
 Samuel Tan
• mainstreaming the role and relevance of Filipino
Muslims in the country’s national history
• The Filipino Muslim Armed Struggle, 1900-1972
(1978), sougth to examine the struggle of Filipino
Muslims in the context of 20th –century nation-
building dynamics during the American colonial
regime and subsequent postcolonial Filipino
administrations.
I. POLITICAL NARRATIVES
political aspects of nation-building such as the
legacies of political leaders and establishment
of different government.
II. ELITE-CENTRIC
PERSPECTIVE
 focus on the contributions of the elite in nation-building
such as what the Illustrados (educated Filipinos) fought for
in the 19th century or how the local politicians negotiated
with their American counterparts to obtain an
independence law during the first half of the 20th century.
III. PATRIARCHAL ORIENTATION
IN HISTORICAL NARRATIVES
leading revolts and liberation wars against
colonizers, championing the cause of independence,
and spearheading political and economic
development. Women, on the other hand, are viewed
by several historians as merely support to men. L
 Daunting task for Filipino historians is to discern the cultural context and
historical value of primary sources because most of these primary documents
were written by colonialists and reflected Western cultural frames. For
examples, derogatory terms used to Label Filipinos such as “pagan,”
“uncivilized,” “wild,” and “savage” abound in these colonial documents.
Uncovering myths and misconceptions about Filipino cultural identity
propagated by the Spanish and American colonizers is extra challenging for
contemporary Filipino scholars.
 Filipino scholars who challenged the narrow view of colonial narratives and
developed historical writing from the viewpoint of a nationalist agenda.
DEVELOPMENT OF PHILIPPINE
HISTORIOGRAPHY

Spanish American Secular Third Republic

 SPANISH PERIOD
 1. Augustinian Friars
• Fray Juan de Grijalva
 Cronica de la order de NPS Agustin en las provincias dela Nueva Espana -
Augustinian`s missions in the Philippines
• Fray Casimiro Diaz
 Filipino uprisings in the 17th and 18th centuries
• Fray Joaquin Martinez de Zuniga
 Historia dela Islas Filipinas - summary of the accounts of the early chronicles
 2. Dominican Friars
• Fr. Diego de Avante Historia de la Provincia del Santo
Rosorio
 Missionary activities
• Fr. Baltazar de Santa Cruz
 Accounts Binalatongan Revolts of 1860 in Pangasinan
 Fr. Vicente Salazar and Fr. Diego Colantes
 Account of Dominican’s missionary activities in Batanes
 Fr. Juan Fernando
 Worked on the history of Dominican Order in the
Philippines
 3. The Order of St. Francis
• Fray Juan de la Plasencia Los Casturibres de los Tagalog,
Nagcarlan in 1589
 Cutomary laws of the pre-Spanish Philippines
 First civil code of the Philippines
• Francisco De Santa Ines
 Ancient Filipino cultures and the missionary labor of the Franciscan
Order in the Philippines, China and Japan
 4. Jesuit Fathers
• Fr. Pedro Chirino Relacion de las Isla Filipinas, Rome 1604
 Life of the Filipino prior to colonization
• Father Francisco Collin
 Jesuit’s mission
• Father Pedro Murillo y Vellarde
 History of the Philippines, mission and conquest in Mindanao and inclusion of a
map in archipelago
4. Jesuit Fathers
• Fr. Juan Delgado
 Broader description of the Philippines by including the
political ecclesiastical, economic, social and cultural
accounts of the country
SECULAR HISTORIAN DURING
SPANISH PERIOD
SECULAR HISTORIAN
DURING SPANISH PERIOD
• Dr. Antonio de Morga, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
 Information regarding the 16th century Philippines
• Capt. Miguel de Loarca Relacion las Islas Filipinas
 Material culture of the early Filipinos
 Description of economic life
• Thomas de Commin Estados de las Islas Filipinas 1810
 Description of colonial economy after the opening of Manila International trade
SECULAR HISTORIAN
DURING SPANISH PERIOD
• Paul de la Goromier
 surgeon mayor of Spanish army wrote his impression about the country
• Jose Montero y Vidal Historia General de Filipinas Desde Descubriemento Hastra
Nuestra Diaz
FOREIGN RESIDENT
WRITERS
• Antonio Pigafelta – chronicled Magellan’s voyage made a keen observation of the cultures
of early Filipinos.
• Henry Peddington’s wrote Remarks on the Philippine lsland and their Capital, Manila
1818-1822
 Account of native discontentment of the Spanish abuses
• Dr. Jean Mallat
 Education and cultural condition in the Philippines in the mid-10th century
FOREIGN RESIDENT
WRITERS
• John Brownings A Visit to the Philippine Islands
 Colorful description of social customs
• Feodor Jagor
 Ethnological study of the Philippine regions
• John Foreman
 Critical observation of the Spanish admistration
• Wenceslao Retana
 Penned several information regarding history of the Philippines
FILIPINO HISTORIAN
 Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Pedro Paterno, Antonio Luna,
Mariano Ponce and Isabelo de los Reyes
 First Filipino nationalist-historian who defended the Philippines and the Filipinos from the
biased portrayal by the foreign historians
• La Solidaridad
 Propaganda movement to advance the fight of the Filipino for reforms
LA SOLIDARIDAD ARTICLES
• The Philippines a Century Hence by Rizal
• Dasalan at Tocsohan by Del Pilar
• Fray Botod by Jaena
• Ninay by Pedro Paterno
THE PHILIPPINES A CENTURY
HENCE BY RIZAL
 “The Philippines a Century Hence” is an essay written by Philippine national hero Jose Rizal
to forecast the future of the country within a hundred years. Rizal felt that it was time to
remind Spain that the circumstances that ushered in the French Revolution could have a telling
effect for her in the Philippines.
 This essay, published in La Solidaridad starts by analyzing the various causes of the miseries
suffered by the Filipino people:
 Spain’s implementation of her military policies – because of such laws, the Philippine
population decreased dramatically. Poverty became more rampant than ever, and farmlands
were left to wither. The family as a unit of society was neglected, and overall, every aspect of
the life of the Filipino was retarded.
 Deterioration and disappearance of Filipino indigenous culture – when Spain came with the
sword and the cross, it began the gradual destruction of the native Philippine culture. Because
of this, the Filipinos started losing confidence in their past and their heritage, became doubtful
of their present lifestyle, and eventually lost hope in the future and the preservation of their
race.
 Passivity and submissiveness to the Spanish colonizers – one of the most powerful forces that
influenced a culture of silence among the natives were the Spanish friars. Because of the use
of force, the Filipinos learned to submit themselves to the will of the foreigners.
 The question then arises as to what had awakened the hearts and opened the minds of the
Filipino people with regards to their plight. Eventually, the natives realized that such
oppression in their society by foreign colonizers must no longer be tolerated.
 One question Rizal raises in this essay is whether or not Spain can indeed prevent the
progress of the Philippines:
 Keeping the people uneducated and ignorant had failed. National consciousness had still
awakened, and great Filipino minds still emerged from the rubble.
 Keeping he people impoverished also came to no avail. On the contrary, living a life of
eternal destitution had allowed the Filipinos to act on the desire for a change in their way of
life. They began to explore other horizons through which they could move towards progress.
 Exterminating the people as an alternative to hindering progress did not work either. The
Filipino race was able to survive amidst wars and famine, and became even more numerous
after such catastrophes. To wipe out the nation altogether would require the sacrifice of
thousands of Spanish soldiers, and this is something Spain would not allow.
 Rizal wrote it trying to predict the future of his motherland. His work foresaw
the Philippines' future in a hundred years by formulating current situations and
circumstances in order to arrive at a vision of the Philippines' future.
Nonetheless, this essay serves as a reminder to Spain of their wrongdoings in
the Philippines, which have harmed historic customs, memories, and
writings, as well as other Filipino fields. He wanted to expose the evils of
colonial rule that engulfed Philippine society at the time, and to find a future
solution to that evil.
 Rizal outlined several scenarios for how the Philippines might evolve over the
next century, the first of which was that our country would remain a Spanish
colony. Second, if Filipinos continued to be exploited and abused, they would
inevitably revolt against Spain. Finally, after Spain's presence in the country is
extinguished, the Philippines may be conquered by another country. Aside
from those predictions, Rizal also addressed several issues concerning our
country including human rights violations, a lack of press freedom, and a
lack of representation in the Spanish government.
 Graciano Lopez Jaena's "Fray Botod" portrays a
bloated, hypocritical priest as a metaphor for the abuses
of the Catholic Church as part of Spanish rule in the
Philippines.
 The priest in "Fray Botod" uses religion to exploit and
oppress his subjects. A man of vast and morally
questionable appetites, he takes advantage of his
position to pursue everything from drunkenness and
gluttony to exploitative relationships with young girls.
Talking honestly Fray Botod doesn’t have a room in the
Christian community because of his attitude;
indifferent, abusive, cruel and lazy. He is a bad example
to everybody especially to the young ones because it
may live a bad impression that every priest are like him
who uses religion asa tool to oppress others.
This study of Pedro Paterno’s Nínay (1885)
examines the first novel to be published by a Filipino
author, setting the work against the background of the
author’s activities in Madrid and his work as a writer,
host and diplomat. Considering the novel’s status to
be that of a fictional-historical archive and literary
ethnography, this essay elaborates its foundational
discourse on the developing national culture,
conceived as intrinsically hybrid, fundamentally an
amalgam of Spanish and Asiatic elements. As
foregrounded in this reading, the novel makes
reference to particular and idiosyncratic aspects of
Philippine tradition, explicating its relationship to the
Spanish colonial bond that constituted the Philippines
as a national territory and overseas possession.
 Availing itself of the devices of costumbrismo, the narrative of Nínay is staged
as an extended act of mourning: that is, its internal structure follows the
protocol of the pasiám, the nine-day prayer for the welfare of the soul of the
departed loved one. It is this structure that frames the treatment of Nínay’s
significance as a ghostly figure that haunts the text, one around whose
phantasmatic presence a community of mourners is created and a new kind of
discourse is generated: what could be called a spectral allegory of la
filipinidad. Against the critical orthodoxy that judges Nínay to be a flawed and
superficial work, the present study maps the narrative’s recodification of
available elements of an emergent national culture in a narrative as an affair of
Tagalog- and Castillian-speaking Filipino characters. Indeed, Paterno, by his
authorship of Nínay, subsequent works of ethnography and the libretto for The
Dreamed Alliance, the opera that debuted in 1902, offers us the portrait of the
author not only as an initiator of discourse in search of a unique Filipino
national identity, but also as a medium of his own country’s “spectral
nationalism” as an overseas possession of changing empires.
FILIPINO REVOLUTIONIST
• Andres Bonifacio
 Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog (essay) - Sufferings of the Filipinos in the hands of
Spanish colonial government
 Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa (poem) – strong love for the country and suggest that life is
worth living for when it is sacrificed for the country
 Emilio Jacinto
 Pio Valenzuela
 Apolinario Mabini
 Artemio Ricarte
NATION AND
NATIONAL
HISTORY
 La Liga Filipina (lit. 'The Philippine League') was a secret organization. It was founded by
José Rizal in the house of Doroteo Ongjunco at Ilaya Street, Tondo, Manila on July 3, 1892.
 The organization derived from La Solidaridad and the Propaganda movement. The purpose of
La Liga Filipina was to build a new group that sought to involve the people directly in the
reform movement.
 The league was to be a sort of mutual aid and self-help society dispensing scholarship
funds and legal aid, loaning capital and setting up cooperatives, the league became a threat
to Spanish authorities that they arrested Rizal on July 6, 1892, then he was sent to Dapitan.
 During the exile of Rizal, The organization became inactive, though through the efforts of
Domingo Franco and Andrés Bonifacio, it was reorganized. The organization decided to
declare its support for La Solidaridad and the reforms it advocated, raise funds for the paper,
and defray the expenses of deputies advocating reforms for the country before the Spanish
Cortes. Eventually after some disarray in the leadership of the group, the Supreme Council of
the League dissolved the society.
The Liga membership split into two groups when it is about to be revealed: the conservatives
formed the Cuerpo de Compromisarios which pledged to continue supporting the La
Solidaridad while the radicals led by Bonifacio devoted themselves to a new and secret society,
the Katipunan.
KARTILYA AS
HISTORICAL
SOURCE
EMILIO JACINTO – ANG
KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
 Set of rules of KKK, to introduce new recruits to
th Katipunan to set the principles and values they
have to observe as member.
 Guiding philosophy for the members of the secret
patriotic society.
 Jim Richardson (2013) published thr Kartilya of
Emilio Jacinto
 Emilio Jacinto served as editor of the Katipunan
revolutionary paper, Kalyaan
AMERICAN PERIOD
 Filipino Illustrados
• Pardo de Tavera, Biblioteca Filipina , 1903
 Filipiniana collection, reliable source of Philippine history cited by Helen Emma Blair and
James Alexander Robertson in its book The Philippine Islands 1493 – 1898
• Epifanio de los Santos - life of Filipino heroes Bonifacio, Del Pilar and Aguinaldo
AMERICAN HISTORIANS
• Helen Emma Blair and James Alexander Robertson in its book The Philippine Islands
1493 – 1898, 55 volume
• Fred Atkinson – The Philippine Islands (1903)
• James Le Roy - The Philippine Past and Present 1914
• George Malcom – The Philippines: A Study in National Development 1936
THIRD REPUBLIC
 The Third Republic of the Philippines was inaugurated on
July 4, 1946. It marked the culmination of the peaceful
campaign for Philippine Independence—the two
landmarks of which were the enactment of the Jones Law
in 1916 (in which the U.S. Congress pledged independence
for the Philippines once Filipinos have proven their
capability for self-government) and the Philippine
Independence Act of 1934 (popularly known as Tydings-
McDuffie) which put in place a ten-year transition period
during which the Philippines had Commonwealth status.
TRADITIONAL HISTORIAN

 Leopoldo Von Ranke “No Documents, No History” in the early

19th century
 Filipino Historian
 Dr. Nicolas Zafra, Conrado Benitez, Dr. Domingo Eufronio
Alip, Dr. Gregorio Zaide and Dr. Antonio Molina relied heavily
on the use of documents as their unit of analysis in writing history
FILIPINO HISTORIAN
 Teodoro Agoncillo 1950’s, Revolt of the Masses, The Story of
Bonifacio and the Katipunan
 Revolutionized the writing of Philippine history
 using the Filipino standpoint highlighted the 1896 Revolution and
considered 1872 as the beginning of the history of the Philippines
as a nation.
 Opened avenue in understanding our nation’s history not only in
political standpoint but also social story
FILIPINO HISTORIAN
• Renato Constantino – defined history as collective people’s
struggle towards the full realization freedom and liberty.
 The Philippines: A Past Revisited
 He believed in the existence of pre-colonial civilization
 It developed a structure of as communal democracy
 Use Marxism (Karl Marx (1818-1883) was a philosopher, author,
social theorist, and economist. He is famous for his theories about
capitalism and communism.) as his tool in analysis
KARL MARX
 Critique of Political Economy, Marx defined that the mode of production of materials life
determine s the general character of society’s political and spiritual process
 Archeological and Anthropological – reconstruct the history of the
Philippines prior to or during the early years of Spanish domination.
 William Henry Scott – The Crack in the Parchment Curtain
 Dr. Jocano – The Philippine Pre-history
 Both scholars produced various monographs and books dealing with
Philippine pre-colonial past and various studies of the different
indigenous groups in the country.
ONE PAST BUT
MANY
HISTORIES
CONTROVERSIES
AND CONFLICTING
VIEWS IN
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
THE SITE OF FIRST MASS
IN THE PHILIPPINES

• Local historian in Butuan believed that the first site

of the Catholic mass took place in Mazawa, a place
in Butuan now called Masao, not in Limasawa
Island in Leyte as stated in the history books.
THE SITE OF FIRST MASS IN
THE PHILIPPINES
THE SITE OF FIRST MASS IN
THE PHILIPPINES
Father Joesilo Conalla curator of Butuan Dioecesan
Luturgical Museum believed that the first mass was
held in Butuan, the people attended the mass
harvested rice in two days meaning the place is a
huge agricultural area. Limasawa Island in Leyte
was not an agricultural area, therefore, there is
nothing to harvest.
JOELITO MONZON RAMIREZ
JR
THE CRY OF
BALINTAWAK
• Controversy as to the dates when the
said cry took place
 August, 20, 23,24,25 and 26, 1896
• Place where it took place/happened
 Balintawak Caloocan
 Pugadlawin Caloocan
THE CAVITE MUTINY
Spanish Perspective of the 1872 Cavite Mutiny  Izquierdo reported to the King of the
 It is an attempt to overthrow the Spanish Spain that the rebels wanted to overthrow
government in the Philippines the Spanish government to install a new
King in the likes of Fathers Burgos and
 Governor Gen, Rafael Izquierdo’s official Zamora.
report magnified the event made and use of it to
implicate the native clergy which was the  They insinuated that the conspirators of
active propagandists proliferated the Manila and Cavite planned to liquidate the
unrestricted press , democratic, liberal and high ranking Spanish officers to be
republican books and pamphlets reaching in the
Philippines
followed by the massacre of the friars.
 Clergy out of animosity against Spanish friars
conspired and supported the rebels and enemies
of the Spain
THE CAVITE MUTINY
Filipino Perspective  Tavera believed that the Spanish friars and
 Dr. Trinidad Herminildo Padro de Tavera, A Izquierdo used the Cavite Mutiny as
Filipino scholar and researcher wrote the powerful lever by magnifying it as full
Filipino version blown conspiracy not only by the native
army but also included residents of Cavite
 A mere mutiny by the native Filipino and Manila, and native clergy.
soldiers and laborers of Cavite arsenal who
turned out to be classified with the abolition
of privileges
 Blamed Gov. Izquierdo’s cold-hearted
policies such as abolition of privileges of the
workers and native army members of the
arsenal and prohibition of the founding of
school of arts and trade for the Filipinos
THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
FLAG
 Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo aspired to establish a new nation to be signified by a flag and an
anthem during the second phase of the Philippine Revolution.
 Dona Maricela Agoncillo assisted by her daughter Lorenza and Delfina Herbosa Natividad
sew the Philippine Flag
 May 171898 the flag was delivered to Aguinaldo after 5 days of hardwork.
SYMBOLS IN THE PHILIPPINE
FLAG
 White triangle stood for Filipinos hope for equality
 Blue color stood for peace, truth and justice
 Red for patriotism and valor
 The sunburst of eight rays represented the provinces to
take up arms against the Spain
 The three stars represents Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
SYMBOLS IN THE PHILIPPINE
FLAG
 May 26, 1920 the blue color of the flag “bughaw” neither
azul oscure or azul marino
 May 21, 1899 illustrate that the flag is in China blue
 Mariano Ponce in his letter to Ferdinand Blumentritt
describe the color “as blue as the sky”
 Daughter of Marcela Agoncillo describe it as dark blue
RETRACTION OF RIZAL
RETRACTION OF RIZAL
 GENERAL LUNA’S
ASSASSINATION
 On June 4, Luna sent a telegram to Aguinaldo confirming his arrival. Upon arriving at Cabanatuan on
June 5, Luna proceeded to the headquarters, alone, to communicate with the President. As he went up the
stairs, he ran into an officer whom he had previously disarmed for insubordination: Captain Pedro
Janolino, commander of the Kawit Battalion, and an old enemy whom he had once threatened with arrest
for favoring American autonomy. Captain Janolino was accompanied by Felipe Buencamino, the
Minister of Foreign Affairs and a member of the Cabinet. He was told that Aguinaldo had left for San
Isidro in Nueva Ecija (he actually went to Bamban, Tarlac). Enraged, Luna asked why he had not been
told that the meeting was cancelled.[51]

 Both exchanged heated words as he was about to depart. In the plaza fronting the church of Cabanatuan,
[52] a rifle shot rang out. Still outraged and furious, Luna rushed down the stairs and met Janolino,
accompanied by some elements of the Kawit Battalion. Janolino swung his bolo at Luna, wounding him
in the head. Janolino's men fired at Luna, while others started stabbing him, even as he tried to fire his
revolver at one of his attackers.[51] He staggered out into the plaza where Román and Rusca were
rushing to his aid, but as he lay dying, they too were set upon and shot, with Román being killed and
Rusca being severely wounded. Luna received more than 30 wounds,[53] and uttered "Cowards!
Assassins!"[51] He was hurriedly buried in the churchyard, after which Aguinaldo relieved Luna's
officers and men from the field, including General Venacio Concepción, whose headquarters in Angeles,
Pampanga was besieged by Aguinaldo on the same day Luna was assassinated.
SOCIAL, POLITICAL,
ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL
ISSUESIN THE PHILIPPINE
HISTORY
LAND REFORM IN
THE PHILIPPINES
I. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
OF FEUDALISM IN THE
PHILIPPINES
What do you mean by Feudalism?
 Feudalism, also known as the feudal system, was the combination of the legal, economic,
military, and cultural customs that flourished in medieval Europe between the 9th and 15th
centuries. Broadly defined, it was a way of structuring society around relationships that
were derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour. Although it is
derived from the Latin word feodum or feudum (fief),[1] which was used during the Medieval
period, the term feudalism and the system which it describes were not conceived of as a
formal political system by the people who lived during the Middle Ages.[2] The classic
definition, by François Louis Ganshof (1944),[3] describes a set of reciprocal legal and
military obligations which existed among the warrior nobility and revolved around the three
key concepts of lords, vassals, and fiefs.[3]
I. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
FEUDALISM IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Native enjoyed the fruits of the land. They tilted
the land and lived in abundance since the land
Pre- were fertile and every plant grow.
• There is food sufficiency
colonialization

• Divided the archipelago into encomiendas

• The lands were rewarded by royal grants to
Spanish colonial officials and catholic religious orders in
exchange for their conquest of the natives
Colonialization • They usurped the land developed by people
ENCOMIENDA
 was a Spanish labour system that rewarded conquerors
with the labour of conquered non-Christian peoples. The
labourers, in theory, were provided with benefits by the
conquerors for whom they laboured, including military
protection and education.
SPANISH COLONIALIZATION
 Spaniards turned to a large scale cultivation of commercial
crops for export
Tobacco – compelled to plant in designated areas only
Indigo
Sugar
Abaca and other crops
 The government pays the farmers in papeletas or certificate of
credit instead of cash redeemable in two (2) years
 Discounting of certificate to 20 or 30 per cent less their net worth
CONCEPT OF HACIENDEROS
 Spanish Church – 215,000 Hectares
 The Spaniards -
 The Chinese meztiso –traders , next to Spaniards as big
haciendero
 Principalia - the biggest landowners acquiring of lands
through donation from the crown or simply grabbing the
village lands traditionally held in common.
 Descendants of Datus and chiefs
LAND REFORM MEASURES: FROM
THE AMERICAN PERIOD TO THE
MACAPAGAL PRESIDENCY
 Enactment of law like Land Registration Act 1902
- Facilitated the issuance of title to the Filipinos
 Three titles to properties that could be registered
 Informacion Possessaria,
Registration under Spanish Mortgage Law
Imperfect title or possession since 1894
 1907 Cadastral Act was aimed to rectify the error in the
said Land Registration Act
 1919 to 1920 act was passed that aimed at encouraging the
peasant who were dispossessed of their land to acquire
public lands through homestead, purchase, lease of limited
areas
 1933 Rice Tenancy Act – tenancy arrangements in which
the tenant received 50 per cent net of the crop
 Commonwealth Act 4133 of 1933 – require the landlord
of sugar to show receipts from the milling central of the
amount of sugar cane harvested and the quantity and value
of sugar and molasses that come off the milling process
PRESIDENCY OF MANUEL L. QUEZON
 5 Compenents of Agrarian Reform
1. Regulation of tenancy relation
2. Organized land settlement in Mindanao for the landless of Luzon
and Cebu
3. Anti Usury Law
4. Issuance of Free Patents to homestead on cultivated lands
5. Landed estate policy – provided funds for the negotiated purchase
of large land holdings for resale to tenants.
 Organized the National Land Settlement Administration to operate
settlement area in south-western Mindanao and Cagayan
PRESIDENT MANUEL ROXAS
PRESIDENT ELPIDIO QUIRINO
 Bell Mission 1950 for the development of a broad program for
acquiring estates at fair value for resale in small holdings to tillers
of the soil,
 Expanded program for the settlement of virgin land and
improvement of administration of land registration and homestead
of public lands
 Created Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO)
for the resettlement of landless peasants but limited only to 400
families
PRESIDENT RAMON
MAGSAYSAY
 Resettlement projects under Economic Development Corporation
(EDCOR) which resettled 1,000 families`x
 1954 National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration was
established
 Land Reform Act 1955 created a Land Tenure Administration
PRESIDENT DIOSDADO
MACAPAGAL
 Passed the Agricultural Reform Code 1963
 No record of land redistribution under the law
 Landbank of the Philippines purchased 10 agricultural
estates 997.6 Hectares worth Php3.4 Million were resold to
363 tenants
PRESIDENT FERDINAND
ENDRALIN MARCOS
 Presidential Decree No. 27 Tenant Emancipation Act
Abolished tenancy in rice and corn land
Empowered the Department of Agrarian Reform to expropriate
from landlords rice and corn land which exceeded Seven Hectares
and distribute them in smaller lots to the tenants or farmers
The landlords were to be compensated on an installment basis 7
yrs at 6% interest
PRESIDENT FERDINAND
ENDRALIN MARCOS
 PD. 27 was amended by PD 57
 Exempt the landowner from payment of capital gain tax on the proceed of amortizations paid
by him by the tenant-purchaser
 Income tax due in securing interest paid as an addition to the total cost of the land.
 Participation of rural banks and all other financial institutions to provide immediate source of
funds to augment loans/credits to be made available to tenants, farmers and cooperatives
 Agricultural Guarantee Fund
PRESIDENT CORAZON C.
AQUINO
 Comprehensive Agrarian Report Law (CARL) RA 6657 signed June 10,
1988
Limit the ownership into 5 hectares
Distribution of private agricultural land to farmers and farmworkers
irrespective of tenurial arrangement
 Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program with extension CARPEL RA
9700 amended CARL