Psy 102

PSYCHOLOGICAL STATISTICS
PPT #3
TOPIC: DATA COLLECTION

There are several methods of collecting data.

No best method to obtain the desired
information under investigation.

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DATA COLLECTION

The choice of appropriate methods to be used depends

on the following factors:
 Nature of the problem
 The population under investigation
 The time and the material factors

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METHODS OF GATHERING DATA

I- THE DIRECT OR INTERVIEW METHOD

considered as one of the most effective methos of
collecting original data. To obtain accurate
responses, the interview may be conducted by well-
trained interviewers.
The interview may be of great help to the
respondents in answering questions witch the
respondents could not understand
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 DIRECT OR INTERVIEW METHOD

ADVANTAGES
1. It can complete information needed in the study
2. It can yield precise and consistent information
since the interviewer can immediately clarify any
misinterpretations made by the respondents.

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 DIRECT OR INTERVIEW METHOD

LIMITATIONS
1. It is more expensive and time consuming.
2. It may yield inaccurate information since the interviewer
can influence the respondents answers through his facial
expressions, tone of voice, or wording of the questions.
3. The interviewer may cheat by turning in dishonest responses
if their expected or desired responses are not obtained.
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METHODS OF GATHERING DATA

II- THE INDIRECT OR QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD

It is one of the easiest method of data
gathering. It takes time to prepare because
questionnaire need to be attractive. It can
include illustrations, pictures and sketches. It
contents especially the directions must be
precise, clear and self explanatory
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 INDIRECT OR QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD

ADVANTAGES:
1. It is less expensive since questionnaire can be distributed
personally or by mail
2. It is less time consuming since it can be distributed over a wider
geographical area in a shorter time.
3. It can give confidential responses since the respondents can answer
the questionnaire privately
4. The answer obtained are free from any influence from the
interviewer. 01/092019
 INDIRECT OR QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD

LIMITATIONS:
1. It cannot be accomplished it illiterates
2. It has a high proportion of non-response or non non-
return
3. It tends to yield wrong information since answers
cannot be corrected right away
4. It tends to give incomplete information
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METHODS OF GATHERING DATA

III- REGISTRATION METHOD

in this method the respondents give
information in compliance with certain laws,
policies, rules, regulations, decrees or
standard practices.
Data which can be collected by the
registration methods 01/092019
REGISTRATION METHOD
Data which can be collected by the registration
methods
> marriage contracts
> birth certificates
> motor registrations
> license of firearms
> registration of corporations’
> real states 01/092019
OTHER METHODS OF GATHERING DATA

I- OBSERVATION
used to gather data regarding
attitudes, behavior, values,
cultural patterns of the samples
under investigation.01/092019
 OTHER METHODS OF GATHERING DATA

II- TELEPHONE INTERVIEW

it is employed if the question
to be asked are brief and few.
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OTHER METHODS OF GATHERING DATA

III- EXPERIMENTS
it is employed to collect or gather data if
the investigator wishes to control the factors
affecting the variable being studied.
Ex. Factor affecting the academic
performance of students such as; IQ
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Gathering and organizing of Data

Data are the quantities ( numbers) or qualities

( attributes) measured or observed that are to be
collected and/or analyzed.

Data set – refers to the collection of data.

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SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Sampling techniques are used to ensure

the validity of conclusion or inferences
from the sample to the population.

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TWO BASIC SAMPLING PROCEDURES

I – PROBABILITY SAMPLING
II – NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING

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PART I PROBABILITY SAMPLING

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

It is a limited number of individual chosen from the

population. Before the selection is done every individual
has an equal chance of being selected in the sample
lottery – small population
Table of Random numbers – large population
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STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

it is use to avoid biased samples, it is done by

dividing the population into categories or strata and
drawing the members at random proportionate to
each stratum or sub-group.

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SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING

is the process of selecting every nth element in the

population until the desired sample size is obtained. The
members or elements may be arranged alphabetically or in any
systematic fashion.
odd or even numbers
nth name in the list

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CLUSTER RANDOM SAMPLING

is an advantageous procedure if the population is spread out

over a wide geographical area. It is also a practical sampling
technique used if the complete list of the members of the
population is not available.
A cluster sampling is an intact group possessing a common
characteristics.

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PART II NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

In non-probability sampling, there is no random selection

of cases from the population.
Subjects that are needed for the study are merely taken
from those who are on hand.
It is also known as Convenience or Judgmental technique
that sometimes resorted to for convenience and economy.

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PART II NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
1. ACCIDENTAL OR INCIDENTAL
SAMPLING

In this type it is to simply take the persons or

subjects that are needed from those who are at
hand.

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PART II NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

2. QUOTA SAMPLING

Refers to the practice of assigning quotas or proportion

of areas to the interviewer-assistants of a researcher.
This technique is often used in public opinion surveys
where the number is too big to be handled by one
researcher.
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PART II NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

3.PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

In this sampling technique picking up the person that

will represent the population that will serve as the
subject of inference.
This is usually resorted to when boundaries of the
desired population of interest are difficult to define.