Collection of

Data
 Research Design
• Research design defines your plan for obtaining answer to your
research question.
› What does X look like? Descriptive research
› Is there an association between X and Y? Correlational research
› As X increases, what does Y do? Correlational research
› Do changes in X cause change in Y? Experimental research
 Sampling Design
• Sample pertains to a representative of the population from which it
was selected.
• Population is the group of interest to the researcher.
Types of Sampling Technique
1. Random Sampling – all individuals in the defined population
have an equal and independent chance of being selected.
2. Stratified Sampling – subgroups of the population will be
selected.
- These subgroups are representative samples in the same
proportion that exist in the population. After the selection of
subgroups, random sampling will be applied to each subgroup.
3. Cluster Sampling – groups, not individuals, are randomly
selected.
4. System Sampling – individuals are selected from a list by
taking every nth number in the list.
• The sample should be large.
› Different types of research design require a different
minimum number of samples.
- Generally recommended for causal-comparative and
correlational research are at least 30in each group, and 15 in
experimental research.
• Nonprobability Sampling – is also applied in researches,
particularly in social science research.
› Convenience Sampling – the use of volunteers and existing
groups.
› Purposive Sampling – the use of believed groups.
› Quota Sampling – the use of quota if not all members of the
population can be used as a sample.
• If you have chosen the quasi-experimental or causal comparative
research design and experimental research design, you will be
employing intervention on your study.
› An intervention is a treatment that is expected to affect or
influence one or more outcomes.