Urban Issues and Challenges

Revision Session
Section One: Patterns of Urbanisation
Section Two: Factors affecting Urbanisation
Section Three: Mumbai (LIC case study)
Section Four: UK urban Areas
Section Five: London (Opportunities and Challenges)
Section Six: London (Regeneration – London Docklands/ Olympic stadium)
Section Seven: Birmingham (HIC case study)
Section Eight: Sustainable Urban living and Transport
 Section One: Patterns of Urbanisation

Describe the patterns of
Urbanisation…
Where is the most urbanised?
Where is urbanisation the
slowest?
Why do you think LICs have a
higher urban growth rate than
HICs?
1) The most urbanised area is South America, closely
followed by North America and the UK.
2) Urbanisation is the slowest in Africa
3) LICs have a higher urban growth rate than HICs as
the HICs have already urbanised whereas the LICs
have not.
 Section Two: Factors affecting Urbanisation
What has caused urbanisation? The CAUSES of Urbanisation : Think of
examples of push and pull factors…
1) Rural to urban migration – the movement of people from the
countryside into towns and cities, due to push and pull factors.
Push- Lack of employment opportunities
2) Internal growth – growth within a city that results from births in the Push- Lack of services
resident population, rather than people moving into the city. Push- Extreme physical conditions
i.e. the birth rate is greater than the death rate in the urban area.

The EFFECTS of Urbanisation : Think of Pull- The ‘bright lights’ of the city
examples of push and pull factors… Pull- Better paid jobs
Pull- Higher quality of life
Positive- Skilled workforce
Positive- Improved standard of living Push Factors – A negative aspect or
Positive- Good education and medical facilities condition that motivates a person to
leave.
Negative- Overpopulation Pull Factors – A positive aspect or
Negative- Traffic congestion condition that motivates a person to
Negative- Lack of accommodation chose this location over another.
 Section Three: Mumbai (LIC case study)
Background Information about Mumbai

Mumbai is India’s largest city and is the capital of the Maharashtra state on the west coast of India, in the continent of Asia.
It is the most populated city in the country with 20 million inhabitants. Mumbai is India’s financial and commercial capital
and is the country’s richest city. Is home to the Bombay stock exchange, several transnational companies and India’s busiest
port (40% of India’s foreign trade passes through the port.

Challenges of Living in Mumbai Opportunities of Living in Mumbai

• High crime rates • Many of India’s TNC’s are based here

• Water pipes run close to sewage pipes; water borne diseases • High literacy rates, a major centre of learning

• High air pollution • Centre of the Hindi movie industry (Bollywood)

• Rubbish is frequently left in the streets • Has the best city transport system in India
TITLE: A map of the 20 most Shetland

Section Four: UK urban

Islands
populated cities in the UK
2011
0 100km
Orkney
Islands
Areas
1. True or false?
• The highest population densities are found in major Distribution - the way in which
cities T
• Northern Scotland is densely populated F
something is spread over an
• Population density across Wales is evenly spread T area.
• As we move North through the UK population
SCOTLAND density falls T Population Density is a
• Upland areas in the UK have high population
Edinburgh
North Sea density F measurement of the number of
Glasgow • Scotland has high population density along the people in an area. It is
Edinburgh Glasgow corridor T
thern
Newcastle
Sunderland
• The North East of England is densely populated F calculated by dividing the
r
No eland • The government is right to place High Speed Rail 2 number of people by the area.
Ir from London to Leeds T
Belfast ENGLAND
Bradford Leeds
Population density is usually
Hul
Mancheste Wakefield
Liverpoo Sheffieldl
2. Now describe the pattern of population density shown as the number of people
Dublin r across the UK. Use compass directions and place
l Nottingham
names in your response per square kilometre.
WALE

Leicester
Birmingham Population density across the UK is not evenly spread.
Coventry Upland areas are sparsely populated whereas major Places which are sparsely
S

cities are densely populated. Scotland has the lowest

Bristol population density at 68 people per km^2 but England populated contain few people.
Cardiff
London has the highest population at 413 people per km^2. Places which are densely
Central England is also densely populated, sometimes
Brighton
with around 1000 people per km^2 populated contain many people
 Section Five: London (Opportunities and
Challenges)
Background Information about London

Located in Europe, found in the southeast of London, on the River Thames and has the densest population in the UK. It
hosts the parliament and currently has over 8 million inhabitants (It’s the world’s 10 th largest Capital city). The city has 40
higher education institutions and over ½ of Londoners have a degree. 1.1 million people commute to London everyday for
work. There are 8 royal parks and 223 of London’s parks and green spaces hold green flag awards.

Challenges of Living in London Opportunities of Living in London

• Social inequalities e.g. housing, education, health • Multiculturalism

• Dereliction • Integrated transport systems

• Urban sprawl • Many sources of Entertainment

• Air pollution • Employment

 Section Six: London (Regeneration – London
Docklands/ Olympic stadium)
London Docklands
Cause of Re-urbanisation:
It was in close proximity of Central London when it was
in a state of dereliction and was ideal to create offices.
Additionally, the area was in ruins due to WW2, with
over 25,000 German bombs falling there.
Effects of Re-urbanisation
Social effect: Created jobs in the local area
Economic effect: Canary Wharf, headquarters to many
services
Environmental effect: Improved transport links, new
roads, railway, pedestrian and cycle networks
Negative effect: new jobs went to people living outside
London Olympic Stadium
Cause of Re-urbanisation:
The 2012 London Olympics. Stratford was one of the most
deprived area in the community and there was a lack of
infrastructure. The park was to e regenerated for local
people to use after the games.
Effects of Re-urbanisation
Social effect: More employment opportunities
Economic effect: Better transport connections to the centre of
London
Environmental effect: Is sustainable e.g. protection of green
spaces
Negative effect: A considerable amount of money was
spent on the regeneration of this area
 Section Seven: Birmingham (HIC case
Migrants are both national and
international, usually coming to the
area to find work and living in the
inner city as it is cheaper. This gives
the city a young working population
but increases the demand on
services like transport. Birmingham
has its on airport and many transport
links due to New Steet train station.
Quality of life is below what is
accepted, many social and economic
inequalities e.g. unemployment in
Sparkbrook is 24.5% but in Sutton
Four Oaks it is at 3.1% and child
poverty in Sparkbrook is 49% but in
Sutton Four Oaks it is 7%. Also, there
is a growth in commuter settlements.
study)
The city is ethnically diverse with places of
culture across the city. There are endless
sources of entertainment, restaurants, shops
and theatre. The city is busy as it is the
second largest city in the UK and is linked in
many ways to areas both internationally
(airport) and nationally (metros, buses and
trains). Places of culture in the UK include
Chinatown, The Balti Triangle, St Paul’s
Square and Birmingham Royal Ballet.
The council have put forward
‘Birmingham’s green vision’ which
aims to increase the amount of
green space in Birmingham. Having
electrical car charging ports as well
as the congestion charging zone.
The canals were cleaned up and the
towpaths were uses for people to
walk and cycle along.
 Section Eight: Sustainable Urban living and
Transport
How can urban areas become more London’s Transport System
sustainable?? Issues with London’s Transport System:

Conserving Historical Environments: • Traffic congestion increases emissions

Allows the area to have an “identity”, cultural and historical
importance, prevents it being a brownfield site • Roads are too narrow and old
Providing more open spaces:
Proven to improve mental wellbeing and plants take in carbon (helping • Not enough places to park vehicles
to reduce carbon emissions
Reducing and safely disposing of waste:
Solutions to London’s Transport System:
Reduces landfill and pollution, if recycled it means fewer resources are
used and waste gases and water pollution is reduced • The bike sharing scheme (could be applied to other forms of transport)
Providing an efficient public transport system and
involving local people: • Congestion charging zone
Makes the community feel involved and more likely to use the public
transport. Also, will reduce emissions as transport is easier to use and
more reliable
• More electric car charging ports