National University of San

Martin
Faculty of Education and
Humanities
The Indo-European famIly of Languages
(LANGUAGE CONSTANTLY CHANGING. DIALECTAL
DIFFERENTIATION)
COURSE: History of the English Language.

Professor: Dr. Carlo Espinoza Aguilar.

YAP PEZO, Jain Nicol

authors: BARRERA ARELLANO, Margarita
PANDURO RIVA, Priscila
CUEVA LESCANO, Yeni
MONTERO DEL ÁGUILA, Evelyn del Carmen

CAREER: Languages

CYCLE: VII
TARAPOTO – PERU
2023
 The Indo-
European
famIly of
Languages
(Language Constantly Changing.
Dialectal Differentiation).
 The Indo-European famIly of
Languages
INTRODUCTION:

With the name of Indo-European languages,

it is known to the largest family of languages
in the world, in number of speakers.

The Indo-European family, to which most of

the languages of Europe, Greater Iran and
South Asia belong, includes more than 150
languages spoken by some 3.2 billion people
(approximately 45% of the world’s
population).
HIST
ORY
The Indo-European languages include some
449 languages spoken by about or more
than 3.5 billion people (roughly half of the
world population).

Most of the major languages belonging to

language branches and groups of Europe,
and western and southern Asia, belong to
the Indo-European language family.
Therefore, Indo-European is the largest language
family in the world by number of native speakers.
Eight of the ten most important languages, by
number of native speakers, are Indo-European. One
of these languages, English, is the de facto World
Lingua Franca with an estimated more than one
billion second language speakers.

The relationship of Indo-European branches, how

they relate to each other and branch out from
ancestral proto-language is a matter of further
research and not yet well known. There are some
individual Indo-European languages that are not
classified within the linguistic family, are not yet
classified into a branch and could be members of
their own branch.
 ANCESTRAL (PROTO-
INDO-EUROPEAN)
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
(Extinct)

EARLY PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
(First phase of Indo-European)

MIDDLE-PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
("Classical" Indo-European)

LATE-PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
(Last phase of Indo-European
DATING THE SPLIT-OFFS OF THE
MAIN BRANCHES
Although all Indo-European languages descend
from a common ancestor called Proto-Indo-
European, the kinship between the subfamilies
or branches, that descend from other more
recent proto-languages, is not the same because
there are subfamilies that are closer or further,
and they did not split-off at the same time, the
affinity or kinship of Indo-European subfamilies
or branches between themselves is still an
unresolved and controversial issue and being
investigated.
 Anatolian was the first group of Indo-European (branch) to split-off from all the others
and Tocharian was the second in which that happened.

Using a mathematical analysis borrowed from evolutionary biology, Donald Ringe and
Tandy Warnow propose the following tree of Indo-European branches:

PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN (PIE):

1. Pre-Anatolian (before 3500 B.C)

2. Pre-Tocharian
3. Pre-Italic and Pre-Celtic (before 2500 B.C)
4. Pre-Armenian and Pre-Greek (after 2500 B.C)
5. Proto-Indo-Iranian (2000 B.C)
6. Pre-Germanic and Pre-Balto-Slavic; Proto-
Germanic (500 B.C)
 David W. Anthony, following the methodology of Donald Ringe
and Tandy Warnow, proposes the following sequence:

PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN (PIE)

1. Pre-Anatolian (4200 B.C)

2. Pre-Tocharian (3700 B.C)
3. Pre-Germanic (3300 BC)
4. Pre-Italic and Pre-Celtic (3000 B.C)
5. Pre-Armenian (2800 B.C)
6. Pre-Balto-Slavic (2800 B.C)
7. Pre-Greek (2500 B.C)
8. Proto-Indo-Iranian (2200 B.C); split between Old Iranian
and Old Indic (1800 B.C).
LANGUAGES OF THE INDO-EUROPEAN FAMI
ANATOLIAN:

The Anatolian languages, now extinct, were spoken

during the first and second millennium BCE. C. in
what is now Asiatic Turkey and northern Syria.

INDO-
IRANIAN:

Indo-Iranian comprises two main sub-branches, Indo-Aryan

(Indic) and Elirani _Indo-Aryan languages have been spoken in
what is now northern and central India and Pakistan since
before 1000 BCE.
 GREEK:

Greek, despite its numerous dialects, has been a single language

throughout its history. It has been spoken in Greece since at least
1600 BC and, in all probability, since the end of the third
millennium BC.

ITALIC:

The main language of the Italic group is Latin, originally the speech of the city of
Rome and the ancestor of the modern Romance languages: Italian, Romanian,
Spanish, Portuguese, French, etc.

 GERMANIC.
 ARMENIAN.
 TOCARIO.
 CELTIC.
 BALTO-SLAVIC.
 ALBANIAN.
 LANGUAGE
CONSTANTLY
CHANGING
LANGUAGE CONSTANTLY
CHANGING:
In the mind of the average person language is associated with
writing and calls up a picture of the printed page. From Latin or
French as we meet it in literature, we get an impression of
something uniform and relatively fixed.

We are likely to forget that writing is only a conventional device

for recording sounds and that language is primarily speech. Even
more important, we tend to forget that the Latin of Cicero or the
French of Voltaire is the product of centuries of development and
that language as long as it lives and is in actual use is in a constant
state of change.
 DIALECTAL
DIFFERENTIATION
DIALECTAL DIFFERENTIATION:
As noted above, where communication is constant and takes place
among people who speak a language, individual differences merge into
the general discourse of the community, and some conformity
prevails.

But if any separation of one community from another takes place and
lasts a considerable time, the differences grow between them.

The differences can be slight if the separation is mild, and we only have
local dialects. On the other hand, they can become so considerable
that they make the language of one district unintelligible to speakers
of another.
THANK
very much
YOU
FOR YOUR

attention