Computer presentation

Assalam-u-Alaikum

GROUP 3

Raheel Abbas Unzila

Tayyaba Fatima Mehwish
Muhammad saif Aqsa Tauheed
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
HARDWARE
Evolution
The gradual development of something or changes in something
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
HARDWARE:
• The evolution of computer hardware covers the developments from
early simple devices to aid calculation to modern-day computers.

Computing hardware is a platform for information processing.

Parts from four early
computers, 1962.
From left to right:
ENIAC board,
EDVAC board,
ORDVAC board, and
BRLESC-I board,
showing the trend
toward
miniaturization.
• At first, the computation were purely
mechanical devices.
• It required the operator to set up the initial
values of an arithmetic operation, then
manipulated the device to obtain the result.
• Later, computers represented numbers in a
continuous form.
• Numbers could also be represented in the
form of digits by a mechanism.
ABACUS
Abundant Beads, Addition &
Calculation Utility System
(First mechanical device used for
calculations.)
• Invented by Mesopotamians
around 3000 BC.
• Consisted of beads on movable
rods divided in 2 parts.. Used
even today by young children to
learn basic calculations.
NAPIER BONES

NAPIER BONES- Invented by John

Napier, a Scottish mathematician,
in 1617
It has set of rods or bones with
multiplication tables on them-
Performed addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division.
PASCALINE

Invented by Blaise Pascal, a

French Mathematician in 1642.
It was the first mechanical
calculator made up of gears or
wheels.
Addition and Subtraction
operation was faster than
Abacus
LEIBNIZ WHEEL
- Invented in 1685 by Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz, a German Mathematician.
- Extended Pascal Calculator to have
automatic multiplication and division.
- It had a cylinder or stepped drum
with a set of teeth of incremental
lengths which, was coupled to a
counting wheel.
DIFFERENTIAL ENGINE

Invented by Charles Babbage, a British

Mathematician in 1822 It could solve
differential equations and was powered
by Steam.-
It stored program to perform
calculations and print results
automatically
Mark 1
It was invented by Howard Aiken in 1944
He collaborated with IBM and developed
the largest electromechanical
computer- It was the first operating
machine that could execute
computations automatically. It is
considered to be the real beginning of
the era of the modern computer
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
FIRST GENERATION (1946 TO 1959) VACCUM
TUBES
First generation of computers refers to
the early stages of computer
development. This generation is the
beginning of computer technology that
gained further progress to make
computers more powerful and smaller.
the first generation of computers is
considered from 1946 to 1959. During
this period, computers were developed
using vacuum tubes as the main
component It was invented by Lee de
Forest.
A vacuum tube is a device that helps amplify signals
by controlling the motion of electrons in an
evacuated space.
Because vacuum tubes were much larger in size at
the time, they eventually led to larger computer
sizes
The input to the computer was through punched
cards and paper tapes. The output was displayed as
printouts
The instructions were written in machine language.
Machine language uses 0s and 1s for coding of the
instructions. The first generation computers could
solve one problem at a time.
 ADVANTAGES
• Vacuum tubes were used as electronic component.
• Electronic digital computers were developed for the first
time.
• These computers were the fastest calculating devices of
their time.
• Computations were performed in millisecond
 DISADVANTAGES
• The computers were very larger in size
• They consumed a large amount of energy.
• They heated very soon due to thousands of vacuum tubes.
• They were not very reliable.
• Air conditioning is required.
• Constant maintenance was required.
• Not-portable.
• Costly commercial production.
• Very slow speed.
• Limited programming capabilities.
• Used machine language only.
 EXAMPLE
• ENIAC (1946)
• EDSAC (1949)
• EDVAC (1950)
• .UNIVAC-1 (1951)
SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER (1959-1965)
TRANSISTOR
The period of second generation was 1959-1965.
In second generation of computer transistors
were used. The transistors were highly reliable
and easier to handle and maintain than the
vacuum tubes These transistors replaced vacuum
tubes in computers during this period The
transistors helped to develop a better computer
than the first generation computers consisting of
vacuum Assembly language is used instead of
Machine Language(used in first-generation
computers) for programming in computers.
 ADVANTAGES
• They are smaller in size as compare to the first generation.
• It is more reliable Uses less power and generates less heat.
• The speed of the second generation is faster as compared to the first
generation.
• Used assembly language as well
 DISADVANTAGES
• they generate less heat but still require a cooling system.
• They require frequent maintenance.
• The commercial production of second generation computers is
difficult.
• They are used only for some specific purpose.
• They use punch cards for input.
 EXAMPLE
• Honeywell 4002.
• IBM 70943.
• CDC 16044.
• CDC 36005.
• UNIVAC 11086.
• IBM 7030
THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS(1965-1971)
INTEGRETED CIRCUITS
The computers which we used & invented
from 1964 to1970 are known as Third
Generation Computers. They used Integrated
Circuit(IC)instead of Transistors. An IC is made
up of thousands of Transistors. Integrated
Circuit is also known as Chip. They used
keyboard for input & monitor for output.
They were smaller & faster than early
computers. They were also cheaper & more
efficient than early computers. They were
made available for general public.
 ADVANTAGES
• Smaller in size as compared to previous generations.
• More reliable as compared to previous generations.
• Used less energy as compared to previous generations.
• Produced less heat as compared to the previous two generations of computers
• Maintenance cost was low because hardware failure is rare
• Better speed and could calculate data in nanoseconds
• Totally general purpose
• Good storage
• Could be used for high-level languages.
• Less expensive and Better accuracy
• Commercial production increased.
• Used mouse and keyboard for input.
 DISADVANTAGES
• Air Conditioning Required.
• Integrated Circuits could not be repaired easily.
• Maintaining IC chips were difficult.
• Sophisticated Technology required to manufacture Integrated Circuits.
• The Price of Computers very costly.
 EXAMPLE
• IBM 360/370.
• CDC 6600.
• Honeywell-6000 series
• PDP(Personal Data Processor)
• TDC-3166. IBM-370/168
FOURTH GENERATION(1971- PRESENT)
MICROPROCESSESOR
The fourth generation computers have
microprocessor based systems. It uses
VLSI(very large scale integrated ) circuits.
They are the cheapest among all the
computer generation. Speed, accuracy and
reliability of the computers were improved
in fourth generation computers. Many high
level languages were developed in the
fourth generation such as COBOL,
FORTRAN,BASIC,PASCAL and C language.
 ADVANTAGES
• More powerful and reliable than previous generations.
• Small in size
• Fan for heat discharging and thus to keep cold.
• Fast processing power with less power consumption
• No air conditioning required.
• Totally general purpose
• Less need of repair.
• Commercial production
• All types of High level languages can be used in this type of computers
• Cheapest among all generations
 DISADVANTAGES
• The very advanced technology was required to fabricate
to the ICS (Integrated Circuits).
• High quality and reliable system or technology can only
make the CS Cooler is required(fan)
• The latest technology is required for the manufacturing
of Microprocessors.
 EXAMPLE
• ALTAIR 8800
• APPLE I
• APPLE I Series
• Macintosh
• IBM PC
 FIFTH GENERATION (PRESENT AND
BEYOND) AI (ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE)
It is primarily based totally on Artificial
intelligence (AI) software. Artificial
intelligence describes the medium and
manner of creating computer systems like
people, the manner human thinks, the
manner people act, etc. and that is a rising
department and has all of the scopes for
studies work too. In the fifth generation of
computers, all high-level languages are
employed. The primary goal of the fifth
generation is to create machines that can
learn and organize themselves
 ADVANTAGES
• The AI technology made these computers to understand human language as well
as recognize graphs and pictures.
• The development of fifth-generation computers is intended to solve highly
complex problems, including working with natural language
• .Hopefully, they will be able to use more than one CPU and less expensive
compared to the recent generation.
• It is very easy to take these computers from one place to another and to repair
them.
• The computers made in the fifth generation can be handle easily. Works faster
• Have unique features and are available in different sizes.
• These computers have multimedia features.
• These computers have user-friendly interfaces.
 DISADVANTAGES
• Although AI offers numerous benefits, there are many
people who feel fear about their job and think AI will
replace their jobs in the
• One of the other disadvantages of fifth-generation
computers is spy on the people, which is somehow true.
• Human brains become dull and doomed because of these
high functionality generations.
 EXAMPLE
• Desktops and laptops
• Notebooks and Chromebooks
• Tablets and smartphones
• Supercomputers such as IBM Deep Blue and IBM SP/2
• Artificial intelligence systems such as Watson and Google
Translate
• Smart watches and other wearable devices
THANKYOU SOO
MUCH