THE DEVELOPMENT

OF ANTHROPOLOGY
Sofia Carmela Salang
Hannah Loraine Liporada
Zaira Shane Antiola
Airell Nathaniel Malasaga
The term anthropology comes from the
Greek words anthropos (human) and logos
(study).
The Rise of Empires and States
The expansion of territories among ancient civilizations brought
about a convergence of peoples of different physical characteristics
and cultural practices. This convergence prompted the scholars of
this era to document variations in human population and its
characteristics.

Herodotus (484-420 BCE)

Widely accepted as one of the forerunners of the discipline of
anthropology.
WESTERN EASTERN CIVILIZATION
CIVILIZATION (PERSIANS)
(GREEKS)

This analytical process of comparing the "self" with the "other"

would pervade the anthropological research agenda until the
early parts of the 21st century.
In Muqaddimah, Ibn Khaldun examined the social, psychological,
and economic factors that led to the rise of ancient civilizations in
the Mediterranean.

The strength of Khaldun's work lies on his use of the scientific

approach.
Dawn of Colonialism and Imperialism

In the 15th-18th centuries (The Age of Exploration), European

explores seeking new territories started to encounter people from
other parts of the world.

This Western-centric analysis, in turn, produced a highly

Eurocentric view of the world and launched forms of labeling that
gave primacy to Western civilization as being more advanced
culture as compared to the "exotic other".
French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) said in his
work Discourse on Inequality (1755) that these "primitive"
societies can later on be expected to progress toward the stage of
civilized societies, just like those in Europe.

Rousseau argued that the morality of "primitive" societies is

characterized by peace and harmony.
18th-19th Centuries
During this time, global powers situated in Europe (Belgium,
England, France, Portugal, Spain, and the Netherlands) were in a
race to extend their political and economic control outside of their
territories.
Important Personalities in Anthropology
• Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917)
-Father of cultural anthropology.
-Defined anthropology as the "science of culture".

Primitive Culture (1871)

Unilineal cultural evolution, or that where culture is believed to have
progressed from one stage to another.
• Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881)
-Lawyer
-Released his classic work League of the Ho-dé-no-sau-nee, or
Iroquois.

• Franz Boas (1858-1942)

-Father of American Anthropology
The Fields of Anthropology
• Biological/Physical
anthropology is the field that is engaged in
understanding humans and their nature as an animal species.
• Archaeology attempts to reconstruct the cultures of past
civilizations and human groups by dealing with fossils and artifacts.
• Linguistic
anthropology examines the relationship of the
language and culture of a group of people.
-Historical linguistics
-Descriptive linguistics
-Social linguistics
• Cultural anthropology studies the lifeways and
traditions of human groups which may include their
belief system, economic activities, material culture, and
even political system.

• Ethnography is the holistic study of one culture.

• Ethnology allows for a cross-cultural comparison.
Key Concepts in Anthropology
• Evolutionism "human groups go through stages of development".

•Cultural Relativism is a valuable mental tool used by most

anthropologists as they study other cultures.​

• Culture is defined as "the totality of the lifeways of a group of

people which may include their tradition, beliefs, norms, and
mores that guide the behavior of people within their society".
Research Methods in Anthropology
• Ethnography- the anthropologist describes a culture, or one of its segments
based on interviews, and through participation and observation of the local's
lifeways and beliefs.
• Key Informant interview- the researcher collects data from individuals who
are knowledgeable in the topic.
• Judgment Sampling- which he/she will visit the community and have
conversations and referrals from the locals.
• Participant Observation Method- the process of actual daily encounters with
the locals of an anthropologist's area of study.
Current Applications of Anthropology
• Forensic Anthropologyis concerned with the identification of
unrecognizable remains of humans that may have been burned,
mutilated, or decomposed.

• Medical Anthropology is concerned with the

process by which culture influences people's ways of seeking
health care and well-being.