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Welding Inspection
Residual Stress and Distortion
Course Reference WIS 5
Copyright © 2003 TWI Ltd Faisal Yusof
TECHNOLOGY Stresses
Normal Stress
Stress arising from a force perpendicular to the
cross sectional area
Compression
Tension
Shear Stress
Hoop Stress
cooling.
If this contraction is prevented or inhibited
residual stress will develop.
The tendency to develop residual stresses increases
when the heating and cooling is localised.
Welding is very localised heating and the presence of
liquid and solid metal in contact can be expected to
induce very high levels of residual stresses.
Longitudinal
Transverse
Short Transverse
Copyright © 2003 TWI Ltd Faisal Yusof
TECHNOLOGY Factors affecting distortion
Joint design
Fit up
Welding sequence
Copyright © 2003 TWI Ltd Faisal Yusof
Factors affecting distortion
Join design:
TECHNOLOGY
Amount of restrain:
•Thickness-as thickness increases, so do the stresses
•High level of restrain lead to high stresses
•Preheat may increase the level of stresses
Fit up:
•Root gap – increase the root gap increase shrinkage
Transverse shrinkage/distortion
Angular distortion: weld metal contraction transverse
Longitudinal bowing: weld metal contraction longitudinal
Transverse shrinkage/distortion
Angular distortion: weld metal contraction transverse
Longitudinal bowing: weld metal contraction longitudinal
Transverse shrinkage/distortion
Angular distortion: weld metal contraction transverse
Longitudinal bowing: weld metal contraction longitudinal
Transverse shrinkage/distortion
Angular distortion: weld metal contraction transverse
Longitudinal bowing: weld metal contraction longitudinal
following way
The used of a different joint design
Preparation angle 0o
following way
The used of a different joint design
following way
The used of a different joint design
following way
The used of a different joint design
called distortion.
7. The directions of contractional stresses and distortion is
very complex, as is the amount and type of final distortion,
however we can say that there are three directions:
a. Longitudinal b. Transverse c.Short transverse
8. A high percentage of residual stresses can be removed by
heat treatments.
9. The peening of weld faces will only redistribute the
residual stress, and place the weld face in compression.
Any
Any Questions?
Questions?