Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GSM Albook
GSM Albook
1 Introduction
2 General Specification
3 Services Provided
4 Radio Interface
Appendix
1 Introduction
GSM 900:
2 x 25 MHz frequency bands around 900 MHz .
GSM 1800:
2 x 75 MHz frequency bands around 1800 MHz.
GSM 1900: (North and South American variant of the GSM 1800):
2 x 75 MHz frequency bands around 1900 MHz.
public
PABX
residential
office PABX
GSM
2 General Specifications
PSTN
PLMN
ISDN
(25)
150
(25)
(25)
(25)
(25)
200
150 KEY
150 50
300
300
(25) traffic in Erlangs (BTS)
150 traffic Erlangs (BSC)
omnidirectional antenna
50 sectored antenna
100 50 directional antenna
50
Base Station
Base Station Controller
© Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0143 VT ZZA Ed.01 Page 18
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
2.1.2 General Concepts: Cellular Coverage
4 7 1 8 5
3 10 2 9 6 11
4 7 1 8 5 12
3 3
D
10 2 9 6 11 10
4 7 1 8 5 12 4 7 1 8 5
2 9 6 11 3 10 2 9 6 11
12 4 7 1 8 5 12
2 9 6 11
12
NCC
0 or 4
1 or 5
2 or 6
3 or 7
OPERATORS
OSS
GSM
NSS BSS
MS
EXTERNAL
NETWORKS USERS
Um
"plug-in" SIM
MT0
SIM card
ISDN terminal
BSS
TE1
S
MT1
R
TE2 TA
ISDN
MS
(Mobile Station) Base station system BSS
BTS Basic Transceiver Station
BSC Base Station Controller
BTS
BTS
BTS Network and switching system
BTS
BTS MSC Mobile Switching Centre
BTS BTS
HLR Home Location Register
VLR Visitors Location Register
BSS
BSC BSC (Base Station System) AuC Authentication Centre
Optional
PSTN, NSS EIR Equipment Identification Register
ISDN... (Network & Switching System)
MSC Voicemail Server
SM-SC Short Message Service Centre
Voicemail Server
GCR Group Call Register
OMC OMC
OSS
(Operation & maint. Sub System)
NMC
GSM interfaces
X.25 links
MAIN FUNCTIONS:
BTS
PHYSICAL CHANNEL MANAGEMENT
BTS (on Radio channel)
BTS
BTS
BTS BSC
BTS
MANAGEMENT OF INTERFACES WITH
BTS BTS NSS & OSS
MSC
CALL HANDLING (subscriber exchange)
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
BSS
- VLR/HLR database updating
- Subscriber radio paging
- Handover management
GATEWAY FUNCTION
for terminating calls
HLR
Reference DATABASE (for a region)
PSTN, STORES: Identities - Directory numbers -
ISDN... Services subscribed + Approx. location (VLR)
MSC
VLR
LOCAL DATABASE
(associated with one or more MSCs)
COPIES HLR data for VISITING subscribers
ACCURATE LOCATION of visiting subscribers
Call redirection DATA
AuC
SECURITY DATABASE
(authentication and encryption)
VLR HLR AuC GENERATION of KEYS
© Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0143 VT ZZA Ed.01 Page 26
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
2.2.4 GSM architecture: Network and Switching System
MAIN FUNCTIONS:
BSS EIR
Mobile EQUIPMENT DATABASE
CONCEPT of "white", "grey" and "black" mobiles
SM-SC
SHORT MESSAGE STORAGE
during subscriber unavailability
SM-SC
GCR
© Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0143 VT ZZA Ed.01 Page 27
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
2.2.5 GSM architecture: GPRS
Voice MSC/VLR
Data
ISDN
BSS with
PCU
GSM+GPRS
HLR
SGSN
GGSN
GPRS Internet
GPRS Backbone
Mobile
OMC
(OMC-R) (OMC-M or S) (OMC-G)
OMC: Configuration
Fault
NMC Performance
Security
Cost
NMC: Telecom Management Network
(optional)
© Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0143 VT ZZA Ed.01 Page 29
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
2.3 GSM interfaces and protocols
MS
MS MS GSM Circuit-switching:
MS MS
MS
Um (Radio) MS - BTS LAPDm
(GSM specific)
BTS BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
Abis BTS - BSC LAPD
BTS BTS (ISDN type)
BSC BSC
A BSC-MSC (SS7 basic) + BSSAP
E
MSC MSC B MSC-VLR
C (SM-G)MSC-HLR
B C F I D HLR-VLR
E (SM-G)MSC-MSC (SS7 basic) + MAP
G D F MSC-EIR
H G VLR-VLR
VLR EIR GCR H HLR-AuC
VLR HLR AuC
I MSC-GCR
MS
MS MS GSM Packet-switching (GPRS):
MS MS
MS
Um (Radio) MS - BTS LAPDm
(GSM specific)
BTS BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
Abis BTS - BSC LAPD
BTS BTS (ISDN type)
BSC BSC
Gb BSC-SGSN
SGSN Gn
Gs
SGSN MSC
Gn SGSN-SGSN IP
Gn Gr Gf SGSN-GGSN IP
GGSN Gr SGSN-HLR SS7
Gc GGSN-HLR (IP)/SS7
Gc Gf SGSN-EIR SS7
Gs SGSN-MSC/VLR SS7
HLR EIR
Gi
Gi GGSN-Data Network IP
Data Network
16 kbit/s transmission
KEY :
64 kbit/s transmission
3 Services Provided
3.1 Teleservices
3.1.1 Teleservices and Bearer Services
3.1.2 Categories of Teleservices
3.1.3 Principle
3.1.4 Data transmission in circuit mode
3.1.5 Data transmission in packet mode
3.2 Supplementary services
3.2.1 Number Identification Services
3.2.2 Call Forwarding Services
3.2.3 Call Completion Services
3.2.4 Multi-Party Services
3.2.5 Billing Services
3.2.6 Call Barring Services
3.2.7 Phase 2+ Services
3.2.8 Sundry Services
Teleservices
Bearer services
TE
Voice Services:
Telephony
Emergency Calls
Voice Call Groups (Groups of mobiles sharing limited radio resources)
(Voice Messaging: not identified by the GSM as a specific service)
Standard interface
IWF PSTN Standard interface
GSM infrastructure
By comparison with PSTN access, the entire GSM infrastructure can be treated as a DTE-DCE line between
the terminal and the MODEM which is inserted by the network.
General Principles:
AUDIO MODEM inserted at the interworking point (IWF) between the two networks
(generally in the MSC)
PSTN
GSM infrastructure
PSTN
TAF
Audio modem Audio modem 3.1 kHz audio line
Standard FAX machine FAX adapter Audio modem Audio modem
Standard FAX machine
GSM user
Connection GSM user < -- > PSTN user
DIGITAL radio transmission ==> FAX adapter function (including audio modem + T30 functions)
Standard TAF: synchronous information bearer (as for data transmission services)
Audio MODEM: includes V21 - V27 ter and V29 protocols essential for dialogue between FAX machines
User 2
Internet
GGSN
Datagram
User 3
Multi-Party services
MPTY Multi Party service
Conventional options: Hold - Retrieval of first call or transition to
conference
CUG Closed User Group
Optional allowing or barring of incoming or outgoing calls
(OA/IA - OCB/ICB) - Preferential CUG allowed
ECT Explicit Call Transfer
With mobile A connected to two parties, B and C, these two parties can be
connected and A can withdraw (telephone call only)
Billing services
AoCI Advice of Charge - Information
Advice of call charge at end of call or in real time. Applicable to all
services, except short messages and packet data
AoCC Advice of Charge - Charging
Calls barred when the mobile is located in a PLMN not providing this
service
REVC Reverse Charging Service eliminated in phase 2
Phase 2+ services
UUS User to User Signalling
Allows sending or receiving of user-to-user short messages during a
completed call or during call set-up
eMLPP Enhanced Multi_Level Precedence & Preemption
Allows one of seven precedence levels to be assigned to some mobiles
so that they can set up calls rapidly (no authentication), in some cases
cutting off calls of lower precedence
SNPN Support of Private Numbering Plan
Access to a virtual private network (VPN) with private number
translation handled by an external PN manager
Sundry services
MSP Multiple Subscriber Profile
Allows up to 4 subscriber profiles for the same SIM card
NITZ Network Identity and Time Zone
Transfers the network identity and local time to the terminating mobile
PDS Packet Data on Signalling Channel
PTP transfer (circuit-oriented) of very short data packets between a mobile and a
host
ODB Operator Determined Barrings
Allows the service provider to apply 24 different types of call barring
CAMEL Customized Applications for Mobile network Enhanced Logic
Allows for supplementary services specific to a given operator (for example,
INSS) outside the origin PLMN
SOR Support of Optimal Routing
Optimized call forwarding to avoid "tromboning"
4 Radio Interface
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Importance of the Radio Interface
4.1.2 Traffic and Signalling
4.1.3 Mobile Station Status (Circuit and Packet Switched Mode)
4.1.4 Radio Resources
4.2 Physical Channels : Multiple Access Diagram
4.2.1 Frequencies
4.2.2 TDMA Frame
4.2.3 Normal Burst
4.3 Logical Channels
4.3.1 Principle
4.3.2 Time-Division Multiplexing on a Physical Channel
4.3.3 Channel Mapping
4.3.4 Timing Advance
4.3.5 Paging
4.3.6 Access to the Network
4.3.7 Logical Channel Summary
TRAFFIC :
INFORMATION interchanged from USER-TO-USER, after setting up the call,
requiring dedicated radio resource allocation.
In GSM, TRAFFIC can be an interchange of SPEECH or DATA
SIGNALLING :
INFORMATION interchanges (in some cases, without the user's knowledge)
between the MOBILE EQUIPMENT and NETWORK MACHINES
Out of Call : required for managing mobiles, eg. : location update
cc ess "Connected"
A
MS reachable t work
Ne of
n d
E c t ion
sa
tran
"Idle"
MS not
t t a ch
reachable A
e t ach
D
"Power Off"
e "Idle"
At
i m
fT
tac
MS not o
h
ut
m
reachable O
en
r
tt
MS reachable t o
De
on
en
ta
e tw
m
ch
ch
a
or
m
et
en
k
D
t
Out of Time
"Stand-by" "Ready"
Packet Tx or Rx
Access
"Idle" Status "Connected" Status
procedure
Mobile Network Access Out of call TRAFFIC phase
pre-synchronization signalling phase (Optional)
UPLINK
BAND
(MS -> BTS)
890 1710
880
© Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0143 VT ZZA Ed.01 Page 57
RADIO INTERFACE
4.2.2 TDMA Frame
frequency
axis
22
17 DOWNLINK
BAND
Frequency shift (BTS -> MS)
7 cell "beacon" frequency 45 MHz in 900,
95 MHz in 1800,
22
UPLINK
17
BAND
(MS -> BTS)
frequency
axis
Time slot (or burst window)
TDMA frame = 4.615 ms
22
DOWNLINK
17 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
BAND
(BTS -> MS)
22 UPLINK
17 BAND
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(MS -> BTS)
time axis
17
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
7 CHANNEL
time axis
training sequence
TRAINING SEQUENCES :
8 different bit patterns, chosen so that:
They are easily recognizable (very accurate auto-correlation function)
They are easily distinguishable from one another (little correlation between each
pattern)
STEALING FLAGS:
Training sequence
26 bits
"Stealing Flags"
BTS MS
FCCH TCH
"Beacon" frequency Traffic sample decoding
SCH FACCH
Timing synchronization In call signalling receipt
BCCH
System information
SDCCH
Out of call signalling receipt
PCH
Subscriber paging SACCH
AGCH Power Control
Response to access request
FCCH
SDCCH
Out of call signalling -> MSi SCH
SACCH Mobile presynchronization
Power Control -> MSi BCCH
TCH
Traffic samples -> MSj PCH
Subscriber paging
FACCH AGCH
In call signalling -> MSj Response to access request
1 2 3 4 5
SACCH FACCH
1 If the transaction is "Mobile Terminated" (incoming call), the mobile must be paged
2 The mobile accesses the PLMN network
3 The network allocates a dedicated channel to the mobile for signalling
4 Signalling interchange (SDCCH and SACCH).
If necessary, the network allocates a TRAFFIC channel to the mobile
5 Traffic interchange (speech or data) on TCH, with associated signalling in SACCH
(background tasks) and FACCH if required
TS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Block 0 Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Block 5 Block 6 Block 7 Block 8 Block 9 Block 10 Block 11
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 51 52 1
Block 0 Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Block 5 Block 6 Block 7 Block 8 Block 9 Block 10 Block 11
TFI =43 TFI =43 TFI =43 TFI =43 TFI =43 TFI = 2 TFI = 2 TFI = 2 TFI = 2 TFI = 39 TFI = 39 TFI = 39
BSN =21 BSN =22 BSN =23 BSN =24 BSN =25 BSN =12 BSN =13 BSN =14 BSN =15 BSN =75 BSN =76 BSN =77
Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data
LOGICAL OCCURRENCE
CHANNEL and/or USABLE BIT ROLES and USES of INFORMATION CARRIED
RATE
FCCH - Locking the mobile local oscillator on the exact frequency
Frequency 1 every 10 frames - Roughly estimating the position of the receive window
Correction (46 ms)
BCCH 1 TS every 4 consec. frames - General information (system) concerning the station:
Broadcast every 51 frames, - Identity of operator, access authorized or not,
Control giving 456 usable bits - Organization of logical channels in the cell (paging...),
every 235 ms - Frequencies used, Frequency hopping...,
- Time-Outs applicable...
© Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0143 VT ZZA Ed.01 Page 67
RADIO INTERFACE
4.3.3 Channel Mapping
UPLINK
(Multiframes of 51 frames)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 21 31 41 51 1
f s b b b b C C C C f s C C C C C C C C f s C C C C C C C C f s C C C C C C C C f s C C C C C C C C - f s
DOWNLINK
f = FCCH s = SCH b = BCCH C C C C = CCCH (PCH or AGCH) R = RACH
LOGICAL OCCURRENCE
CHANNEL and/or USABLE BIT ROLES and USES of INFORMATION CARRIED
RATE
RACH - used by the mobile to request access to the network ("Channel
Random Only uplink Request" message with mobile short format identity)
Access
AGCH - used by the network to acknowledge the access request and assign
Access These 2 sub-channels share a dedicated channel to the mobile ("immediate assignment"
Grant the "CCCH" channel based message with identity echo)
on variable rules according
PCH to cell and operator - used by the network to signal a call to a mobile:
Paging Short format identity, unambiguous in the cell
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A4 A5 A6 A7 - - -
DOWNLINK
A1 A2 A3 - - - D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A0
A5 A6 A7 - - - D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A4
LOGICAL OCCURRENCE
CHANNEL and/or USABLE BIT ROLES and USES of INFORMATION CARRIED
RATE
SDCCH 8 TSs every 2x51 frames, - Out of call signalling, such as location update, authentication,
Standalone giving 456 bits / 235 ms transition to encrypted mode, assignment of a traffic channel...
Dedicated ---> 1.94 kbit/s
Control
SACCH 4 TSs every 2x51 frames, - Non-urgent procedures (background), occurrence ~0.5
Slow giving 456 bits / 470 ms sec:measurement reports, power monitoring, timing advance, +
Associated ---> 950 bit/s Short Message Service (SMS)
Control
© Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0143 VT ZZA Ed.01 Page 69
RADIO INTERFACE
4.3.3 Channel Mapping
2 "HALF-RATE" + 2 SACCHs :
T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T A T T T T T T A
T T T T T T
0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 1 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 2 1 T T T T T T 2
LOGICAL OCCURRENCE
CHANNEL and/or USABLE BIT ROLES and USES of INFORMATION CARRIED
RATE
TCH/F 24 TSs every 120 ms - Traffic at max rate 13 kbit/s
TCH/H ---> 22.8 kbit/s (Speech encoded at 13 kbit/s or Data at up to 9600 bit/s)
Traffic 12 TSs every 120 ms - Traffic at max rate 5.6 kbit/s
Full & Half Rate
---> 11.4 kbit/s (Speech encoded at 5.6 kbit/s or Data at up to 4800 bit/s)
SACCH 4 TS every 480 ms ---> ~ 1 - Non-urgent procedures (background), occurrence ~ 0.5 sec: (as
Slow kbit/s SACCH associated with a SDCCH)
Associated TCH cycle stealing :---> - Signalling after TCH set-up: end of call processing, "high speed"
Control max 11.4 or 22.8 kbit/s signalling
© Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0143 VT ZZA Ed.01 Page 70
RADIO INTERFACE
4.3.3 Channel Mapping
TS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
"Beacon" frequency
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Other 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
frequencies
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
BTS
TS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
"Beacon" frequency
Other 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
frequency
BTS
TS 0 of beacon frequency: FCCH + SCH + BCCH + PCH + AGCH + RACH + 4 SDCCH/4 + 4 SACCH/4
other TSs: TCH (+ SACCH / FACCH)
F S B C F S C C F S D0 D1 F S D2 D3 F S A2 A3 -
UPLINK
D3 R R A2 A3 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R D0 D1 R R D2
D3 R R A0 A1 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R D0 D1 R R D2
Rx
MS1
Presynchronized Tx
Access Burst
forward propagation time
TS i
Tx TS i
BTS
Rx
Rx
MS1 - TA
(after TA) Tx
BSC
The NETWORK knows the LOCATION AREA (LA) in which the mobile is travelling.
The channel is called "random" since the mobile chooses the call TS randomly.
This means that there is a risk of collision.
MS5 MS5
FCCH Frequency Correction CHannel MP --> MS Frequency for synthesizer alignment Frequency
Broadcast
SCH Synchronization CHannel MP --> MS Timing sync - Frame N° Sync
RACH Random Access CHannel PP <-- MS Network access (Channel request) Access
FACC Fast Associated Control CH. PP <----> In call signalling (cycle stealing) Normal
H 0143 VT ZZA Ed.01
© Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 Page 76
RADIO INTERFACE
4.3.7 Logical Channel Summary
GPRS
Broadcast PBCCH Packet Broadcast Common CH. MP --> MS Broadcast system information Normal
PRACH Random Access CHannel PP <-- MS Network access (Channel request) Access
Speech
Digitization Channel Burst
and Encoding Interleaving Encryption Modulation Transmission
Formatting
Encoding
POWER MONITORING
Speech frames :
260 bits / 20 ms :13 kbit/s 22.8 kbit/s 270.8 kbit/s (modulated)
(per channel)
GSM circuit-switched
Full Rate (FR) / Enhanced Full rate (EFR) speech: 13 Kbit/s
Half rate (HR) speech: 5.6 Kbit/s
Data transmission: maximum 14,4 Kbit/s
480 ms BTS
MS <--> BTS
Gradual transitions avoid the need to filter signal harmonics which are very weak
Spectrum efficiency of the order of 1 bit/Hertz dB
(270.8 kbaud/200 kHz) 0
-10
Modulation spectrum: -20
"f"
Other
frequencies
26 dB
20 mW
13 13
time
0 0
2 power steps 15
60 ms
controls
EXAMPLE for a portable MOBILE 19 17 31 31 29 dBm
© Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0143 VT ZZA Ed.01 Page 84
RADIO INTERFACE
4.5.3 Space Diversity
PATH 1
RESULT
PATH 2
IMSI MS - ISDN
( International Mobile Subscriber Identity ) ( Mobile Station - Integrated Service Digital Network n° )
Nature International Identity E212 compliant Directory Number ISDN type, E.164/E.213 compliant
3 2 max 10 1 to 3 2 to 4 total up to 15
N° of digits
* instead of identifying a geographic area, the NDC identifies an OPERATOR:
Characteristics Stored in SIM module and AuC Allocated to an IMSI (by MMC) in the HLR
IMEI / IMEISV
( International Mobile Equipment Identity )
( International Mobile Equipment Identity and Software Version number) (Phase 2+)
LAI
CGI
LAI: Location Area Identification
MCC = Mobile Country Code
MNC = Mobile Network Code
LAC = Location Area Code
Use of LAI:
Paging
Location Area Updating
Security
CGI Cell Global Identification
CI = Cell Identifier
© Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0143 VT ZZA Ed.01 Page 90
INTERCHANGES OVER THE NETWORK
5.1.3 GSM number and identities: Geographic identification
RAI
BSS BSS
RR MAP MAP TCAP TCAP
Opening
Session(s)
Attachment
IP Network
BSS
TID1 GGSN1 PDN1
MS1 TLLI1
SGSN
TID2 GGSN2 PDN2
LLC
GTP
IP overview
http ftp smtp wap gtp http ftp smtp wap gtp
IP network
tcp 1 tcp 1
Routers
ip ip ip ip ip
Client Server
SGSN GGSN
Appli
IP / X25 IP / X25
SNDCP SNDCP GTP GTP
LLC LLC UDP & UDP &
TCP TCP
relay
RLC BSSGP IP IP
RLC BSSGP
Um Gb Gn
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
G G
SM SMS SM SMS
Um Gb Gn
MS BSS SGSN GSN GSN
AUTHENTICATION REQUEST
AUTHENTICATION RESPONSE AUTHENTICATION
ALERTING
CALL CONFIRMATION
CONNECT
CONNECT ACK CALL ACCEPTED
Um A bis A
ASSIGNMENT of an
SDCCH Channel
BTSM CHANNEL ACTIV.
SDCCH N°
ACTIVATION of
Channel indicated
CHANNEL ACTIV. ACK
BTSM
RR IMM. ASSIGN. CMD
RR IMMEDIATE ASSIGN.
AGCH SDCCH N°
CONNECTION to the
SDCCH Channel T3101
MM CM_SERVICE REQUEST
SDCCH ESTABLISH INDIC.
SABM
SCCP CONNECT REQUEST
MM CM_SERVICE REQUEST
MM CM_SERVICE REQUEST
MM CM_SERVICE REQUEST T9105
SDCCH SCCP CONNECT CONFIRM
UA
Authentication
Checks that the Mobile Station is the required station and not an intruder
Ciphering
All Information (Signalling, Speech and Data) is sent in cipher mode, to avoid
monitoring and intruders (who could analyze signalling data)
Temporary Identification
Each time the network is accessed for whatever reason, a different number is used to
identify a subscriber, so that the subscriber identity cannot be used by an intruder: On
each access operation a new temporary number is sent in cipher mode, and provides
identification for the next access operation.
A3 A3
A3 A3
OK
A8 A8
A8
A8 Cipher command BTS
Kc : Cipher key Kc
for the call (64 bits)
A5 A5
Speech - Data - Signalling A5 Ciphered data A5 Speech - Data - Signalling
Ciphering/Deciphering Ciphering/Deciphering
Kc Kc Triplets
Triplet
A5 Generation
A2
Ki
A3 Ki
Speech A8 IMSI
Ciphering Data Ciphering
Sign°
Function RAND RAND
Function SRES SRES
(ciphered) Kc Kc
IMSI IMSI IMSI
Speech TMSI Ki
A5 Kc Data
A3
Sign°
A8
CHANNEL REQUEST
IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT
CM SERVICE REQUEST VEA : Very Early Assignment :
or SET UP if VEA
Immediate assignment of a TCH :
AUTHENTICATION
No authentication or ciphering
(Signalling carried on FACCH)
CIPHERING
omitted if VEA
SET UP
Um A bis A
MS BTS BSC MSC/VLR PSTN
RR CHANNEL REQUEST
RACH
RR IMMEDIATE ASSIGN. SDCCH N°
AGCH
SABM
SDCCH MM CM Serv. Req. ESTABLISH INDIC. SCCP CONNECT REQUEST
UA MM CM Serv. Req.
MM CM Serv. Req.
SCCP CONNECT CONFIRM
AUTHENTICATION
CIPHERING
Ciphered
SDCCH CC SET - UP
DATA INDICATIONCC Set - Up SCCP DATA CC Set - Up
DATA REQUEST SCCP DATA
CC CALL PROCEEDING
CC Call Proceeding. CC Call Proceeding.
CIC selection
BTSM PHYS. CTX REQ. SCCP DATA
BSSMAP Assignment Request
BTSM PHYS. CTX CONF.TCH allocation ISUP IAM
Um A bis A
ASSIGNMENT COMPL.
DATA INDICATION SSCS DATA
Assign. compl. MIF
Assign. compl.
RF CHANNEL REL.
RF CHANNEL REL. ACK
ACF Called P. ringing
DATA REQUESTAlerting SSCS DATA Alerting
ALERTING
RIU Off-hooking
DATA REQUESTConnect SSCS DATA Connect
CONNECT
CONVERSATION PHASE
VMSC
8
5
VLR
4
Visited PLMN
7 Origin PLMN
3
PSTN 6 HLR
2
GMSC
1
TUP MAP
1 Called party MS-ISDNmessages
number messages
2 Detection of a mobile n° call directed to PLMN concerned
3 HLR interrogation : transmission of mobile MS-ISDN
4 VLR interrogation : transmission of mobile MS-ISDN and IMSI
5 Temporary routing N° allocation by VLR : MSRN (roaming number)
6 Return of MSRN to the GMSC
7 Call rerouted to the visited MSC
8 After VMSC-VLR dialogue, TMSI-based subscriber paging
PAGING REQUEST
SET-UP of an
CHANNEL REQUEST
RR CONNECTION (MT)
IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT
AUTHENTICATION REQUEST
AUTHENTICATION
AUTHENTICATION RESPONSE
SET UP
CALL CONFIRMED START OF CALL
CALL CONFIRMATION
ALERTING
CONNECT CALL ACCEPTED
CONNECT ACK
VMSC
VLR
Visited PLMN International SCCP
Gateways
COUNTRY 3
Incoming C.I.
Called party
Outgoing C.I. origin PLMN
interrogation
Incoming C.I. HLR
PSTN
COUNTRY 1
COUNTRY 2
General
This procedure is always initiated by the Mobile Station and involves providing the VLR (and HLR
if required) with its current position,
The visited VLR stores the Location Area (LA),
The LA n° (LAI) received is updated dynamically in SIM non-volatile memory.
AUTHENTICATION REQUEST
AUTHENTICATION
AUTHENTICATION RESPONSE
Um A bis A
TMSI Alloc.
MAP LOC. AREA UPD. ACC.
SCCP DATA MAP INSERT SUB. DATA ACK
MM LOCATION UPDATE ACC. DATA REQUEST
MM Loc. Upd. Acc.
TMSI MM Loc. Upd. Acc.
MMTMSI REALLOC COMPLETE
DATA INDICATION SCCP DATA
MM TMSI Realloc. compl.
MM TMSI Realloc. compl.
3 Phases :
Identification of requirement, Selection of a new cell, Execution
Mobile Station:
Continuous Quality and Received Power Control
Continuous adjacent cell Power monitoring
Transmission of measurement reports to the BTS (every 0.5s)
Network:
The BTS measures the Quality and the received Power from the mobile
The BSC runs the Power Control and Handover central algorithm
The BSC controls the handover operation
Handover Types:
Intra-BSC / Inter - BSC, Intra - MSC / Inter - MSC (first and subsequent)
Internal (within the same BTS) if there is uplink or downlink interference
Synchronized / non-synchronized
BTS 1
BSC
BTS 2
MSC / VLR
BSC
PSTN
MSC / VLR
BSC
A bis A
Um
RRHANDOVER COMPLETE
DATA INDICATION
SCCP DATA
RR Handover. compl.
BTSMRF CHANNEL RELEASE BSSMAP H.O. Performed
BTSMRF CHANNEL RELEASE ACK Release of old channel
BTS 1
BSC 1
BTS 2
MSC / VLR
BSC 2
PSTN
MSC / VLR
BSC
BSC
MSC / VLR 1
BSC 1
BTS 1 PSTN
BTS 2
MSC / VLR 2
BSC 2
BSC
MSC / VLR 1
BSC
PSTN
MSC / VLR 2
BTS 1 BSC 1
BTS 2
Attach Request
1
Attach Accept
5
Attach Complete
6
(simple case:
MS attached to the GPRS Network - GPRS attach only
(able to be paged) - one SGSN involved)
© Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0143 VT ZZA Ed.01 Page 119
INTERCHANGES OVER THE NETWORK
5.4.9 Level 3 GSM procedures: PDP Context Activation in GPRS
Security Functions
Create PDP Context Request
Create PDP Context Response
Activate PDP context Accept
PDP PDU
Send Routing Info
for GPRS GGSN
request
Send Routing Info
for GPRS Ack
(New) (Old)
MS BSS SGSN SGSN GGSN HLR
Update Location
5
Cancel Location
Cancel Location Ack
OMC
GPRS into BSS sites via
software download only
BSC MFS
the GPRS box
Omni 4
IND mini
2 sectors 2
Omni 12
IND medi 2 sectors 6
3 sectors 4
Omni 4
OUT mini 2 sectors 2
3 sectors 2
Omni 12
OUT medi 2 sectors 6
3 sectors 4
And a great variety of multiband configurations such as
3x2 TRX 900 + 3x2 TRX 1800 in one cabinet
© Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0143 VT ZZA Ed.01 Page 125
Alcatel 900 / 1800 / 1900 Solution
6.1 Base Station Sub-System
Configurations
Small configurations in 1 BSC cabinet (32 or 128 TRXs)
Medium configurations in 2 BSC cabinets (192 or 288 TRXs)
Large configurations in 3 BSC cabinets (352 up to 448 TRXs)
with release B7: 4 BSC cabinets (up to 512 TRXs)
Scalability
6 BSC configurations from 32 TRXs up to 448 TRXs
_ On-line extension possible to minimise
network impact
Up to 264 cells or 255 BTSs in the largest configuration
Air
Interface
A
BTS Alcatel
BTS BSC 1000 E10 PSTN/
SSP SS7
BTS
IN
RCF HLR/AUC
BTS MSC
VLR
VLR
BTS
Alcatel 1421
RCP
Based on the Alcatel 8360 : duplex architecture, real time application, ...
Dialogue with the MSC via the SS7 network and MAP protocol
BSS NSS
OMC-G
OMC-R
SGSN GGSN
Gn
Gb
A935
MS MFS
BTS
BSC SSP
TC A + RCP
BTS
A bis A ter
SGSN
SGSN Craft terminal HLR
GSS OMC & GIN (IMC)
SGSN P-VLR
(Alcatel 1000)
• SS7 MAP interfaces
• SGSN VLR data base
• Mobility Procedure Control
• P-VLR O&M
SGSN
1x BSXTU 2*Compaq WS
(GPU) PH & SH
(configuration. A) Peak
Configuration MS
Switching
attached
2x 2*Compaq WS Throughput
Compaq WS PH & SH
VLR OAM (configuration. B) SGSN Basic 12 Mbit/s 25 000
+ SS7 2*Compaq WS
2x Routers PH & SH SGSN Option B 24 Mbit/s 50 000
(configuration. C)
SGSN Option C 36 Mbit/s 75 000
2*Compaq WS
2x LSN hubs PH & SH
(configuration. D) SGSN Option D 48 Mbit/s 100 000
SGSN configurations - 3 ETSI Racks
Nominal Capacity with Alcatel Traffic Model
Up to 100 000 dynamic MM contexts (MS attached)
Up to 90 000 activated PDP contexts
© Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0143 VT ZZA Ed.01 Page 136
Alcatel 900 / 1800 / 1900 Solution
6.3 GPRS
GGSN
All functions handled by a standard router (Cisco 7200 routers) with a specific
software
Up to 90000 simultaneously active PDP contexts per GGSN (7206 VXR)
Switching Capacity: 25000 packet/s (for 256 Bytes packets) 50 Mbit/s
Physical interfaces
6 physical slots to be shared between Gn and Gi
ATM, Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, ISDN, WAN E1 interfaces, ...
© Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0143 VT ZZA Ed.01 Page 137
Alcatel 900 / 1800 / 1900 Solution
6.3 GPRS
Charging Gateway
Hot Billing System
Statistics,
Billing Traffic
System Performance
Charging Gateway
A1338
CDR Collector
SGSN Equipment
VLR O&M Router GGSN
BSS BSS
OMC-R
A935 MFS
Q3 SGSN
NMC OMC-G
GGSN
OMC-S MSC/VLR
HLR
X.25 X.25
SMS - CBC MAP SM- SC
MAP MAP
HLR SS7
PSTN/
SSP
ISDN
RCP
RCP
MSC
HLR INAP
SCP "IN" Server
WS
8 OMC SMP
"IN" Service Management
Service Provider
Service Subscriber
© Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0143 VT ZZA Ed.01 Page 142
Alcatel 900 / 1800 / 1900 Solution
6.6 Intelligent Network / CAMEL Services
PSTN/
SSP
ISDN
RCP
RCP
MSC
CAP
HLR SCP SRP
Server for
"CAMEL" services
WS
SMP
Service Management
8 OMC "CAMEL"
Service Provider
Service Subscriber HPLMN
© Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0143 VT ZZA Ed.01 Page 143
Alcatel 900 / 1800 / 1900 Solution
6.7 Overall Infrastructure (GSM)
Air
Interface
IWF
A-bis Alcatel 1000 E10 Voice
Interface "A" Interface SSP Mailbox
MS PSTN/
BSC Echo
BTS TC canceller ISDN SMS
Call
S/Mux processing
EIR
SS7
Mobile radio Network
functions
OMC-R OMC-NSS
VLR HLR
RCP
AUC
Sales
Terminals Billing Management Subscriber
centre administration
system
Operator terminals
Voice MSC/VLR
Data A
ISDN
BSS with D
PCU
Gs, Gd
GSM+GPRS
SGSN HLR
Gr Gc
GGSN
Gb Gn GPRS Gi
Internet
Backbone
GPRS
DNS/DHCP Border OMC-G Charging W@P
Interception
Gateway Gateway
© Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0143 VT ZZA Ed.01 Node Page 145
INTRODUCTION TO THE Alcatel 900/1800/1900 GSM
NETWORK
7 Appendix
W@P
Allows to bring Internet information to any device
Encompass any Digital Cellular technology (CDMA/GSM/TDMA/UMTS)
W@P server bring security, E-customer care, billing facilities
A De-facto Standard with
More than 200 members in W@P Forum
I need to know:
stock exchange info,
sport scores,
flight info, weather
RACH Random Access CHannel (GSM TS) SCSI Small Computer Systems Interface
RAM Random Access Memory SDCCH Standalone Dedicated Control Channel
RCP Radio Control Point (GSM TS)
RLC Radio Link Control (GPRS) SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node (GPRS)
RLP Radio Link Protocol (GSM TS) SIEA SCSI Interface Extension A
RML Radio Management Level SM Submultiplexer
RNO Radio Network Optimisation SMP Service Management Point
RNP Radio Network Planning SMS Short Message Service
RSL Radio Signalling Link SMS-CB Short Message Service - Cell Broadcast
RTS Radio Time Slot SRAM Static RAM
RxLev Received Level SRS SubRate Switch
RxQual Received Quality SS7 Signalling System ITU-T N°7 (ex CCITT)
SACCH Slow Associated Control Channel SSD Solid State Disk
(GSM TS) SSP Service Switching Point
SAU Subrack assembly unit (BSC) SW Software
SC Supervised Configuration (O&M) SWEL Switch Element
SCC Serial Communication Controller TBF Temporary Block Flow (GPRS)
SCP Service Control Point TC Transcoder
SCCP Signalling Connection Control Part TCC Trunk Controller Chip