ELECTRONIC

CONFIGURATION
 1A group # = # valence (outside) e- 8A
1 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
2

Row 3 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 8B 8B 1B 2B
=

s d p
4
# shells
5
6
7

f
6
7
The distribution of electrons in the different
shells and subshells or orbitals within the
atom. The number of electrons of an atom
can be taken from the number of the
elements.
The orbitals represent identifiable
“addresses” for each electron around an
atom.
The maximum number of electron for
each sublevel;
s= 2
p= 6
d= 10
f= 14

1s, 2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,5p, 6s,

4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HyYd29T8kn4
 Electron Configuration

1s 1

row # group #
shell # # valence e-
possibilities are 1-7 possibilities are:
7 rows s: 1 or 2
subshell p: 1-6
possibilities are d: 1-10
s, p, d, or f f: 1-14
4 subshells Total e- should equal
Atomic #
What element has an electron configuration of 1s1?
 Order of Electron Subshell Filling:
It does not go “in order”

1s2
2s2 2p6
3s2 3p6 3d10
4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14
5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14
6s2 6p6 6d10
7s2 7p6

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p6
 Subshells d and f are “special”
1A group # = # valence e- 8A
period # = # e- shells 1 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
2
3 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 8B 8B 1B 2B

d
4 3d
5 4d
6 5d
7 6d

f
6 4f
7 5f
EXAMPLE:
Write the electronic configuration of;
10
Ne
Answer: 1s2 2s2 2p6
 Practice:
Ask these questions every time you have to write an
electron configuration
• Lithium:
1. find the element on the periodic table
2. what is the row #?
3. how many shells?
4. what is the group #?
5. how many valence electrons?
6. what subshell(s) does Li have?
7. what is the electron configuration?
 Practice:
Ask these questions every time you have to write an
electron configuration
• Lithium:
1. find the element on the periodic table atomic # = 3
2. what is the period number? 2
3. how many shells? 2
4. what is the group number? 1
5. how many valence electrons? 1
6. what subshell(s) does Li have? s
7. what is the electron configuration? 1s2 2s1
 Practice:
Ask these questions every time you have to write an
electron configuration
• Boron:
1. find the element on the periodic table
2. what is the row #?
3. how many shells?
4. what is the group #?
5. how many valence electrons?
6. what subshell(s) does B have?
7. what is the electron configuration?
 Practice:
Ask these questions every time you have to write an
electron configuration
• Boron:
1. find the element on the periodic table atomic # = 5
2. what is the row #? 2
3. how many shells? 2
4. what is the group #? 3
5. how many valence electrons? 3
6. what subshell(s) does B have? p
7. what is the electron configuration? 1s2 2s2 2p1
 1.6
THE QUANTUM
MECHANICAL
MODEL OF
ATOM
The QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL replaced the
Bohr model of the atom.
Bohr model depicted electrons as particles in circular
orbits of fixed radius.
Quantum mechanical model depicts electrons as waves
spread through a region of space called an orbital.
The energy of the orbitals is quantized like the Bohr
model.
Electrons exhibit wave-like behavior. The first evidence of
the wave nature of electrons came through diffraction of
electrons shown in 1927.
VALENCE ELECTRON
The outer shell electron that is associated with an
atom and that can participate in the formation of
chemical bond.
HOW TO DETERMINE THE VALENCE
ELECTRON OF AN ELEMENT?

Using Bohr Planetary Model

In the periodic table, PERIOD indicates the number of shells
while the GROUP indicates the number of valence electron.
BUT, it is ONLY applicable for the main group elements,
particularly the Group 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 and 8A.
FOR EXAMPLE:
Determine the valence electron of Boron.

Using period and group

It is located on Period 3. It means there are 3 shells.
It is on group 2. It means its valence electrons are
2.
Using Bohr Planetary Model
Orbitals
An orbital is the quantum mechanical equivalent of
the location of an electron. This location is actually
a region of space rather than a particular point.

Names of orbitals:
1s,2s,3s,3p,3d,4s,4p,4d,4f, etc.
QUANTUM NUMBER
Used to describe the energy level of an electron inside an
atom.

There are 4 quantum numbers;

Principal Quantum Number (n)
Secondary Quantum Number (l)
Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)
Magnetic Spin Quantum Number (ms)
PRINCIPAL QUANTUM
NUMBER (n)
Defines the shell in which a particular orbital is found.
n must be a positive integer
n= 1 is the first shell, n=2 is the second shell.
Each shell has different energies.
The larger the value of n, the greater the average distance of an
electron in the orbital from the nucleus and therefore the larger the
orbital.
For 3p6 orbital, the principal quantum number is 3.
Principle Quantum Number (n) – define the energy
of the electron

n=1 is closest to the nucleus – low energy

n=2 is farther than n=1, slightly more energy
n=3 is farther than n=1 and n=2, still increasing in
energy
n=4 …..
Remember – The difference in energy between energy
levels decreases as “n” increases
 SUBLEVELS
Within each principle energy level (n) – there are
sublevel(s).
The larger the value of ‘n’, the more sublevels you
can have.
Sublevels – named by their shape
s – sphere p – pear
d- dumbbell f - fundamental
TWO REPRESENTATIONS FOR AN S ORBITAL

Figure 3.16, pg. 77

Investigating Chemistry, 2nd Edition

REPRESENTATIONS FOR P ORBITALS
EACH ORBITAL CAN HOLD UP TO 2 ELECTRONS,
REGARDLESS OF SHAPE. THIS SET OF THREE
ORBITALS HOLDS 6 ELECTRONS.

Figure 3.17, pg. 77

Investigating Chemistry, 2nd Edition

© 2009 W.H. Freeman & Company

THERE IS A SET OF FIVE DIFFERENT D ORBITALS.
THERE IS A SET OF SEVEN F ORBITALS.
EACH ORBITAL REGARDLESS OF ITS SHAPE HOLDS 2
ELECTRONS.
SECONDARY QUANTUM
NUMBER (l)
For each subshell, there is equivalent l
value.
s=0 p=1 d=2 f=3

For 3p, n= 3, l= 1
MAGNETIC QUANTUM
NUMBER (ml)
It may be either positive or negative.
ml’s absolute value must be less than or equal to l.
it is always between the negative and positive
value of l.

For 3p6, n=3, l= 1, ml= -1, 0, 1

MAGNETIC SPIN QUANTUM
NUMBER (ms)
Determines the number of electrons that
can occupy an orbital
There are two values for ms, +1/2 and -
1/2. Represented by arrow up and arrow
down respectively.
Electrons described as “spin up” or “spin down”.
For 3p6, since ml has 3 values, it means that there are 3 orbitals
and To represent ms,

the last arrow is located on orbital m l= 1 and since the last arrow
is going down, ms= -1/2
QUANTUM NUMBERS FOR THE
FIRST FOUR LEVELS OF ORBITALS
IN THE HYDROGEN ATOM

35
n ℓ mℓ No. of No. of
(n-1) (-ℓ, …, +ℓ) orbitals electrons
1 0 (s) 0 1 2 2

2 0 (s) 0 1 2 8
1 (p) -1, 0, 1 3 6
3 0 (s) 0 1 2
1 (p) -1, 0, 1 3 6 18
2 (d) -2, 1, 0, 1, 2 5 10

4 0 (s) 0 1 2
1 (p) -1, 0, 1 3 6
2 (d) -2, 1, 0, 1, 2 5 10 32
3 (f) -3, -2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3 7 14
2n2
II/
PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE
States that, in an atom or molecule, no
two electrons can have the same four
electronic quantum numbers.
As an orbital can contain a maximum of
only two electrons, the electrons must
have opposing spins.
AUFBAU PRINCIPLE
Lower energy orbitals fill
before higher energy
orbitals.
HUND’S RULE
One electron goes into each
until all of them are half full
before pairing up.
3p , here is the complete quantum numbers;
6

n= 3
l= 1
m l= 1
ms= -1/2
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING.