Quaid-i-Azam University

TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO MORPHOLOGY (WITH EXAMPLES FROM

PAKISTANI LANGUAGES
3RD SEMESTER
EN 203- INTRODUCTION TO MORPHOLOGY
1ST LECTURE
25TH SEPTEMBER 2023
MONDAY
INSTRUCTOR: DR. SAIRA KAZMI
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Course Description

 Contact Hours: 48 Credit Hours: 3.0 Prerequisite: Nil

 Course Description
 The key aim of the course is to introduce the students to the basic word structure in
Pakistani languages. It engages them to have an understanding of words and parts of
words. It will help them to understand word structure in Pakistani languages. Course
Objectives The objectives of this course are to enable the students to: ● define and
describe the terms like morphemes, morphology etc. ● understand basic concepts and
principles in morphology ● apply these principles in analyzing word structures in
Pakistan languages ● compare word formation in Pakistani languages.

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Course Learning Outcomes

 Course Learning Outcomes

 Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:  Develop understanding
about the structure of language, including its morphological subsystems.  Understand
the basics of the morphology of English, of morphological theorizing, and of the
modularization of the grammar.

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RECOMMENDED READING LIST:

 RECOMMENDED READING LIST:

  Aronoff, M. (1994). Morphology by itself. MIT Press, Cambridge.  Bauer, L. (2003).

Introducing Linguistic Morphology—Edinburgh University Press.  Booij, G. (2005) The
Grammar of Words--An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology.  David et al. (2009).
Urdu Morphology. Oxford University Press, London

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  Mangrio, R. A. (2016). The Morphology of Loanwords in Urdu: the Persian, Arabic and English Strands,
Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne.
  McCarthy, A. C (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology Words and their Structure, Edinburgh
University Press. Edinburgh.
  Plag, I. (2002). Word Formation in English -Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
  Ayto, J. (1999). Twentieth Century Words, Oxford: OUP.
  Bauer, L. (2001). Morphological Productivity, Cambridge University Press
  Halpern, A. (1995). On the placement & morphology of clitics. CSLI Publications, Stanford
  Yu, A. C (2006) A Natural History of Infixation. Oxford University Press, Chicago
  Zwicky, A. (1985b). 'How to Describe Inflection.' Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 11:
372-386. Berkeley, California.
  Zwicky, A and Pullum, G. (1992). A misconceived approach to morphology. In Proceedings of WCCFL
91, ed. D. Bates. CSLI, Palo Alto, 387-398. 09/26/2023
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Policies

 Policies
 Attendance at lectures is mandatory. Students may not arrive late or leave the class early
without the instructor’s permission or they may be marked absent for the class.
 Students are expected to prepare for the upcoming class by consulting the course outline
or the instructor and come prepared to the class for class activities and discussions. They
must also bring the text(s) being studied to class that day in the form prescribed by the
instructor (for example, a hard copy or electronic one).

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Policies

 Students must proofread their assignments for errors before handing them in.
 Plagiarism (intended or unintended) will lead to a failing grade. Students must familiarize themselves with ways to
avoid plagiarism at: https://owlenglish.pudue.edu/owl/resouce/589/01/ or most preferably the Turnitin similarity
software.
 Deadlines for assignments are to be strictly followed. Instructors reserve the right to reject late assignments. If, in
exceptional circumstances, an instructor accepts late work at his or her discretion, a minimum of one mark will be
deducted from the assignments for each day that the assignment is late.
 Students are strictly prohibited from approaching instructors regarding the grading of assignments and/ or trying to
influence them in any way by means of excessive pleading, repeated emails, accusations, or threats. Instructors reserve
the right to report such cases to university administration. For further details, please refer to given Policies ‘Students’
Handbook’.
 All communication from the Department, Faculty and University will be sent to your university account. You are
responsible for the content of the University.
 Course instructor would be available on the scheduled designated days for any discussion or meeting if required with
students for one hour. 09/26/2023
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Marks Distribution

 Assessments:
 2 Quiz 10
 1 Group Assignment (Presentation & Class participation) 5
 1 Project 10
 Mid Term 25
 Final Exam 50

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Grading Criteria

Grading Criteria:
Relative, however the passing marks are 60 percent.
Best two quizzes will be chosen.
Over all assessment: Communication Content Covered Understanding of Content Response to questions
Presentation & Class
Participation

Mid-Term Tasks achieved & performed Coherence and Cohesion Lexical Resource Grammatical Accuracy
(25 marks) (25 Marks) (5 Marks) (10 Marks) (10 Marks)

Tasks achieved & performed Coherence and Cohesion Lexical Resource Grammatical Accuracy
End-term (30 Marks) (6 Marks) (7 Marks) (7 Marks)
(50 Marks)

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Introduction to Morphology

 Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words and forms a core part of
linguistic study today.

 The term morphology is Greek and is a makeup of morph- meaning ‘shape, form’, and -
ology which means ‘the study of something’.

 Morphology as a sub-discipline of linguistics was named for the first time in 1859 by the
German linguist August Schleicher who used the term for the study of the form of words.

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Cont..

 Morphology is the study of how parts of words, called morphemes, create different
meanings by combining with each other or standing alone. For example, if you take the
morpheme cookie and add the suffix –s, you create a new word—cookies, a plural form
with a slightly different meaning than the singular form.

 Morphology is a crucial part of lexicology, the study of words and their meanings, as well
as etymology, the study of how words originate and evolve.

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Example

Inflection is the process by which a single word takes different

Morphemes can be either inflectional or derivational, meaning
forms. For example, if we have the noun cat, we can add a
they can form new words or add inflection to existing words.
plural ending to it to create cats. This is known as inflecting a
The simple definition is that derivational morphemes are those
noun and the ending we add is called a suffix.
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Morphology Vs Syntax

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Morphemes

 Morphemes – the building blocks of morphology

 Words have internal structure built of even smaller pieces
 SIMPLE WORDS: Don’t have internal structure (only consist of one morpheme) e.g.,
work, build, run. They can’t be split into smaller parts which carry meaning or function.
 COMPLEX WORDS: Have internal structure (consist of two or more morphemes) e.g.,
worker: affix -er added to the root work to form a noun.

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FREE VS BOUND MORPHEMES

 FREE VS BOUND MORPHEMES

 Free morpheme: a simple word, consisting of one morpheme e.g., house, work, high,
chair, wrap. They are words in themselves.

 Free morphemes are any morphemes that work on their own, including individual words.
However, free morphemes don’t always need to be alone; they can also be combined with
bound morphemes to make new and more advanced words. In this sense, free morphemes
are usually the root or base words in complex constructions. That’s just one of the many
reasons why it’s helpful to learn roots.

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Cont..

 Bound morpheme: morphemes that must be attached to another morpheme to receive

meaning.
 EG: UNKINDNESS

 Unlike free morphemes, bound morphemes cannot be used alone and must be used
together with free morphemes. To put it another way, bound morphemes are not complete
words. You can easily identify bound morphemes because they’re affixes like suffixes or
prefixes.

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Cont..

 For one thing, morphology can improve your reading comprehension by helping you understand the
meanings of words you’ve never seen before. Morphology can also answer a lot of frustrating questions, like
why some words are spelled weirdly or why irregular words don’t follow the normal rules.

 Free morphemes vs. bound morphemes: Example

 Because free morphemes and bound morphemes are often combined, it’s important to understand their
differences. Let’s look at an example:
 independent
 Independent has three morphemes, but only one of them is a free morpheme: depend. You can use this free
morpheme by itself with no additions.

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Cont..

 My dog and I depend on each other.

 The other two morphemes in independent are in- and -ent, and they’re both bound
morphemes. The prefix in– is a negative affix that negates the meaning of the base word;
so if depend means “to need something,” the prefix in- changes the meaning to “does not
need something.” The suffix -ent is a grammatical morpheme used to turn a word into an
adjective or a noun.
 Put all those morphemes together, and you have a brand new word, independent. This
word has a completely different meaning than its base word, depend, and is even a
different part of speech (depend is a verb, while independent is an adjective).

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Morphology in English vs. other languages

 Morphology in English vs. other languages

 The way morphemes work changes depending on the language. Some languages have
many bound morphemes in each word, while other languages predominantly use free
morphemes and rarely use bound morphemes.
 A fusional language is one that uses a single morpheme to represent multiple
grammatical functions. For example, in Spanish one suffix can turn a word singular,
masculine, and past tense; all of those functions are fused into a single morpheme.

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Introduction to morphology (with examples
from Pakistani languages

 Pakistani English is a variety of English language concerning Sentence structure,

Morphology, Phonology, Spelling, and Vocabulary. The one semantic element, which
makes the investigation of Pakistani English additionally fascinating is the Vocabulary.
Pakistani English uses many loan words from Urdu language and other local dialects,
which have become an integral part of Pakistani English, and the speakers don't feel odd
while using these words.

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Cont..

 Morphological integration occurs, when speaker of one language tries to speak a different
language with influence of his first language. Then, speaker borrows the words from his
first language, which he needs to use, in order to fulfill his daily chores, and integrates
them in the second language. This fact is relatable to the expansion of Pakistani English
vocabulary and also to the other varieties of English language. (Bilal et al., 2012) This
evident diversity makes it so important to understand the morphological information of
these emerging varieties of English language.

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Examples

 1. Melas, this word came in the Urdu language from the Sanskrit language in 1682. This
word retained its meaning and grammatical category in the Urdu language. Pakistani
English borrowed this word from the Urdu language. Both languages use this word as a
common noun.
 2. Kebabs, this word came in the Urdu language from the Persian language in 1603. The
Urdu language uses this word as a noun and adjective. Pakistani English borrowed this
word from the Urdu language. Pakistani English uses it as a noun. In case of pluralization
of this word, bound inflectional morpheme /s/ is used at the end of the word to form the
plural of this common noun /Kebabs/.

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Cont..

 3. Majlis, this word came in the Urdu language from the Arabic language in 1602. Like
the previous word, the Urdu language uses it as a noun and adjective. Pakistani English
borrowed this word from the Urdu language and uses it as a noun.

 4. Nawab, this word came in the Urdu language from the Arabic language in 1800. The
Urdu language uses this word as a noun and adjective. Pakistani English borrowed this
word from the Urdu language and uses it as a noun. The plural of this word is formed by
adding bound inflectional morpheme /s/ at the end of the word. /Nawab+s/=/Nawabs/

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Conclusion

 2nd Lecture will be on Tuesday at 12:20-1:50 p.m.

 Suggested strongly to be regular in class to keep with the pace of course, and keep
revising the suggested syllabus.

 Good Luck.

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