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• Lesson Starter
• Objectives
• Chemical Bond
Section 1 Introduction to
Chapter 6 Chemical Bonding
Lesson Starter
• Imagine getting onto a crowded elevator. As people
squeeze into the confined space, they come in
contact with each other. Many people will experience
a sense of being too close together.
Objectives
Chemical Bond
Visual Concept
Section 1 Introduction to
Chapter 6 Chemical Bonding
Ionic Bonding
Visual Concept
Section 1 Introduction to
Chapter 6 Chemical Bonding
Covalent Bonding
Visual Concept
Section 1 Introduction to
Chapter 6 Chemical Bonding
Visual Concept
Section 1 Introduction to
Chapter 6 Chemical Bonding
Preview
• Objectives
• Molecular Compounds
• Formation of a Covalent Bond
• Characteristics of the Covalent Bond
• The Octet Rule
• Electron-Dot Notation
• Lewis Structures
• Multiple Covalent Bonds
Section 2 Covalent Bonding and
Chapter 6 Molecular Compounds
Objectives
Objectives, continued
Molecular Compounds
Molecule
Section 2 Covalent Bonding and
Chapter 6 Molecular Compounds
Molecular Compounds
• The composition of a compound is given by its
chemical formula.
Chemical Formula
Visual Concept
Section 2 Covalent Bonding and
Chapter 6 Molecular Compounds
Visual Concept
Visual Concepts
Chapter 6
Comparing Monatomic, Diatomic, and
Polyatomic Molecules
Section 2 Covalent Bonding and
Chapter 6 Molecular Compounds
Bond Energy
Visual Concept
Section 2 Covalent Bonding and
Chapter 6 Molecular Compounds
Visual Concept
Section 2 Covalent Bonding and
Chapter 6 Molecular Compounds
Electron-Dot Notation
• To keep track of valence
electrons, it is helpful to use
electron-dot notation.
• Electron-dot notation is an
electron-configuration
notation in which only the
valence electrons of an atom
of a particular element are
shown, indicated by dots
placed around the element’s
symbol. The inner-shell
electrons are not shown.
Section 2 Covalent Bonding and
Chapter 6 Molecular Compounds
Electron-Dot Notation
Visual Concept
Section 2 Covalent Bonding and
Chapter 6 Molecular Compounds
H
b. The group notation for nitrogen’s family of elements is
ns2np3.
Nitrogen has five valence electrons.
N
Section 2 Covalent Bonding and
Chapter 6 Molecular Compounds
Lewis Structures
• Electron-dot notation can also be used to represent
molecules.
HH
• The pair of dots between the two symbols represents
the shared electron pair of the hydrogen-hydrogen
covalent bond.
Lewis Structures
• The pair of dots between the two symbols represents
the shared pair of a covalent bond.
F F
• In addition, each fluorine atom is surrounded by three
pairs of electrons that are not shared in bonds.
F F
• An unshared pair, also called a lone pair, is a pair of
electrons that is not involved in bonding and that
belongs exclusively to one atom.
Section 2 Covalent Bonding and
Chapter 6 Molecular Compounds
Lewis Structures
Visual Concept
Section 2 Covalent Bonding and
Chapter 6 Molecular Compounds
Lewis Structures
• example:
H H F F
Lewis Structures
• The Lewis structures and the structural formulas for
many molecules can be drawn if one knows the
composition of the molecule and which atoms are
bonded to each other.
C I H
Section 2 Covalent Bonding and
Chapter 6 Molecular Compounds
C 1 × 4e– = 4e–
I 1 × 7e– = 7e–
3H 3 × 1e– = 3e–
14e–
Section 2 Covalent Bonding and
Chapter 6 Molecular Compounds
H H
HC I or H C I
H H
Section 2 Covalent Bonding and
Chapter 6 Molecular Compounds
H C C H or H C C H
Section 2 Covalent Bonding and
Chapter 6 Molecular Compounds
Visual Concept
Section 2 Covalent Bonding and
Chapter 6 Molecular Compounds
C O H
Section 2 Covalent Bonding and
Chapter 6 Molecular Compounds
C 1 × 4e– = 4e–
O 1 × 6e– = 6e–
2H 2 × 1e– = 2e–
12e–
Section 2 Covalent Bonding and
Chapter 6 Molecular Compounds
H H
HC O or H C O
Section 2 Covalent Bonding and
Chapter 6 Molecular Compounds
Atomic Resonance
Visual Concept
Section 3 Ionic Bonding and
Chapter 6 Ionic Compounds
Preview
• Objectives
• Ionic Compounds
• Formation of Ionic Compounds
• A Comparison of Ionic and Molecular Compounds
• Polyatomic Ions
Section 3 Ionic Bonding and
Chapter 6 Ionic Compounds
Objectives
• Compare a chemical formula for a molecular
compounds with one for an ionic compound.
Ionic Compounds
• Most of the rocks and minerals that make up Earth’s
crust consist of positive and negative ions held
together by ionic bonding.
Ionic Compounds
• Most ionic compounds exist as crystalline solids.
Visual Concept
Section 3 Ionic Bonding and
Chapter 6 Ionic Compounds
Lattice Energy
Visual Concept
Section 3 Ionic Bonding and
Chapter 6 Ionic Compounds
Visual Concept
Section 3 Ionic Bonding and
Chapter 6 Ionic Compounds
Polyatomic Ions
Polyatomic Ions
+ 2
H O O
HNH N O OS O
H O O
Ammonium ion Nitrate ion Sulfate ion
Visual Concepts
Chapter 6
Preview
• Objectives
• Metallic Bonding
• The Metallic-Bond Model
Section 4 Metallic Bonding
Chapter 6
Objectives
Metallic Bonding
• Chemical bonding is different in metals than it is in
ionic, molecular, or covalent-network compounds.
• electrical conductivity
• thermal conductivity
• malleability
• ductility
Section 4 Metallic Bonding
Chapter 6
Metallic Bonding
Visual Concept
Section 4 Metallic Bonding
Chapter 6
Visual Concept
Section 5 Molecular Geometry
Chapter 6
Preview
• Objectives
• Molecular Geometry
• VSEPR Theory
• Hybridization
• Intermolecular Forces
Section 5 Molecular Geometry
Chapter 6
Objectives
Objectives, continued
Molecular Geometry
• The properties of molecules depend not only on the bonding
of atoms but also on molecular geometry: the three-
dimensional arrangement of a molecule’s atoms.
VSEPR Theory
• As shown at right, diatomic
molecules, like those of
(a) hydrogen, H2, and
(b) hydrogen chloride, HCl,
can only be linear because
they consist of only two
atoms.
• To predict the geometries of more-complicated
molecules, one must consider the locations of all
electron pairs surrounding the bonding atoms. This
is the basis of VSEPR theory.
Section 5 Molecular Geometry
Chapter 6
VSEPR Theory
• The abbreviation VSEPR (say it “VES-pur”) stands for
“valence-shell electron-pair repulsion.”
• example: BeF2
• The central beryllium atom is surrounded by only the two
electron pairs it shares with the fluorine atoms.
VSEPR Theory
• Representing the central atom in a molecule by A and
the atoms bonded to the central atom by B, then
according to VSEPR theory, BeF2 is an example of an
AB2 molecule, which is linear.
Cl
Section 5 Molecular Geometry
Chapter 6
Cl
Cl B Cl
Section 5 Molecular Geometry
Chapter 6
Cl
B
Cl Cl
Boron trichloride is an AB3 type of molecule.
Visual Concept
Section 5 Molecular Geometry
Chapter 6
O C O
There are two carbon-oxygen double bonds and no
unshared electron pairs on the carbon atom.
This is an AB2 molecule, which is
linear.
Section 5 Molecular Geometry
Chapter 6
Cl
O O O
Hybridization
• VSEPR theory is useful for predicting and explaining
the shapes of molecules.
Hybridization
• Take the simple example of methane, CH4. The
carbon atom has four valence electrons, two in the 2s
orbital and two in 2p orbitals.
• Experiments have determined that a methane
molecule is tetrahedral. How does carbon form four
equivalent, tetrahedrally arranged, covalent bonds?
Hybridization, continued
• The four (s + p + p + p) hybrid orbitals in the
sp3-hybridized methane molecule are equivalent: they
all have the same energy, which is greater than that of
the 2s orbital but less than that of the 2p orbitals.
Geometry of
Hybrid
Orbitals
Section 5 Molecular Geometry
Chapter 6
Hybrid Orbitals
Visual Concept
Section 5 Molecular Geometry
Chapter 6
Intermolecular Forces
• The forces of attraction between molecules are known
as intermolecular forces.
H Cl
Section 5 Molecular Geometry
Chapter 6
Dipole-Dipole Forces
Visual Concept
Section 5 Molecular Geometry
Chapter 6
Visual Concept
Section 5 Molecular Geometry
Chapter 6
Intermolecular Forces
Hydrogen Bonding
Section 5 Molecular Geometry
Chapter 6
Visual Concept
End of Chapter 6 Show