Course: CHCE 3030

Particle and Fluid Particle

Processing

Unit 1: Solving numerical problems

(Lecture: 6)

Dr. Seim Timung

August, 2020
 Lets try to find the size of
particles of various size

• It is easy to find the size of particles with regular shape. Q So, how to find the size of
irregular shape body ?
• But it is merely impossible to find the size of irregular shape
particles or body.
• Can we represent the size of irregular body with only one
dimension ?
l l1l
d l2 3
b
d
h h Which one of them represent correct
size, l1, l2, l3 ?

Irregular shapes
Regular shapes
 Equivalent sphere

• The sphere which have equal volume to that of

We can assume that for every irregular shape the irregular shape particle is called equivalent
body, there exist a sphere which may have one of sphere, based on equal volume.
the following:
•Equal volume, • And the diameter of the sphere can be use to
•Equal surface area, represent the size of the irregular shape body,
•Equal surface to volume ratio. and is called equivalent diameter (Dv), based on
equal volume.

Dvolume (Dv)
• So, size of the particle can be represented in terms of
its equivalent diameter based on equal volume.
vp V • Similarly, equivalent diameter based on equal area and
equal surface to volume ratio can also be used to
represent the size of irregular shape particles.
vp = V
Calculation of equivalent diameters

Dsurface/volume
How to measure volume of
a particle?
Eg. Stone in road
Dvolume

Dsurface

DFeret
Examples

• System of particles can be in any forms.

• Let us pick one particle and evaluate its

size and shape.

Q. Can you measure the size and

determine its shape?

A. Cannot determine size due to its

irregular shape.
 Solved example

1. Determine the size of the particle shown in Here we will consider Dv for calculation.
the image, with volume of 2 m3.
Given data: vp = 2 m3
vp We will consider a sphere which has equal
vsphere volume to calculate Dv.
vp = 2 m3 = vsphere
𝜋 3 3
𝑣𝑝= 𝐷𝑣 =2 𝑚
6
Solution:
❑
The size of the particle can be determine based 𝐷 =? ? ? ?
𝑣
on equal volume (Dv), area (Ds), ratio of Answer: The size of the particle can be represented
volume to area (Dv/s) in terms of an equivalent sphere having a diameter of
1.5634 m.
Q. If a irregular shape particle has volume, vp and area, sp. Do you think the diameter of its
equivalent sphere are correctly represented? Or do it needs correction.

Dsurface 2
Equivalent sphere based on equal
area, 𝑠𝑝 =𝑆=𝜋 𝐷 =100 𝑠
Ds = 5.6433 mm

Particle 1
𝐷 𝑠=
𝜋√
100
=5.6433𝑚𝑚

vp = 65.4167 mm3
So, the size of particle 1 can be
sp = 100 mm2 Equivalent sphere based on equal volume, represented as, either
Dv = 5 mm Ds = 5.6433 mm or Dv = 5 mm
 Homework

2. Determine the size of the particle shown in 3. Calculate the sphericity () of the particle
the image (i), with an area of 2 m2. shown in the image (ii) and (iii).

(i)

m
(iii)

1m
(ii)

2.3 mm
2.3 mm
In coming Friday class, we will solve a numerical
example on this topic (Example- 28.1, Page 934,
McCabe, Smith and Harriot)

An e-book is shared in black board. I hope

you got the file.
 Screen analysis methodology
Weighted amount of
1. 2. material mixture
3. Weight fractions, x
Screen
arrangement
+ 10 fraction, x1
3 mesh
- 10 + 16 fraction, x2

200 mesh
- 30 + 60 fraction, x5

Pan - 60 fraction, x6
Oversize and undersize
 Solved example

2. The screen analysis shown in Table 1, applies to a sample of crushed

quartz. The density of the particles is 2,650 kg/m 3 and the shape factors
are a = 2 and φs = 0.571. For material between 4-mesh and 200-mesh in
particle size, calculate (a) Aw = in square millimeters per gram, and
number of particles per gram, (b) , (c) , (d) and (e) Ni for the 150/200
mesh increment. (f) What fraction of the total number of particles is the
150/200 – mesh increment
Screen analysis methodology
How to
Screen calculate ?
opening, Dpi, Mass fraction
i Mesh mm retained, xi Cumulative fraction smaller than, Mass fraction
0 4 4.699 0 1-0 =1 retained
1 6 3.327 0.0251 1 - 0 – 0.0251 = (fractions
2 8 2.362 0.125 1 - 0 – 0.0251 – 0.125 = retained on
3 10 1.651 0.3207 ?? each screen)
4 14 1.168 0.257 ??
5 20 0.833 0.159 ??
6 28 0.589 0.0538 ??
7 35 0.417 0.021 ?? Cumulative
8 48 0.295 0.0102 ?? mass fraction
9 65 0.208 0.0077 ?? (fractions
10 100 0.147 0.0058 ?? passing
11 150 0.104 0.0041 ?? through each
12 200 0.074 0.0031 ?? screen)
13 Pan ------- 0.0075 0
Table 1: Screen Mass
openin fraction Cumulative
g, Dpi, retained fraction smaller
i Mesh mm , xi than,
0 4 4.699 0 1
1 6 3.327 0.0251 0.9749
2 8 2.362 0.125 0.8499
3 10 1.651 0.3207 0.5292
4 14 1.168 0.257 0.2722
5 20 0.833 0.159 0.1132
6 28 0.589 0.0538 0.0594
7 35 0.417 0.021 0.0384
8 48 0.295 0.0102 0.0282
9 65 0.208 0.0077 0.0205
10 100 0.147 0.0058 0.0147
11 150 0.104 0.0041 0.0106
12 200 0.074 0.0031 0.0075
13 Pan ------- 0.0075 0.0000
Table 1: Screen Mass Step 1:
openin fraction Average particle
g, Dpi, retained Cumulative diameter in
i Mesh mm , xi fraction smaller, increment,
0 4 4.699 0 1 -------
1 6 3.327 0.0251 0.9749 ??
2 8 2.362 0.125 0.8499 ??
3 10 1.651 0.3207 0.5292 2.0065
4 14 1.168 0.257 0.2722 1.4095 For
5 20 0.833 0.159 0.1132 1.005 example
6 28 0.589 0.0538 0.0594 ??
7 35 0.417 0.021 0.0384 ??
8 48 0.295 0.0102 0.0282 0.356
9 65 0.208 0.0077 0.0205 ??
10 100 0.147 0.0058 0.0147 ??
11 150 0.104 0.0041 0.0106 ??
12 200 0.074 0.0031 0.0075 ??
13 Pan ------- 0.0075 0.0000 ---------
 Q Why to calculate ??
14-mesh , 1.168 mm
The size of particle will or have a range
between 1.168 mm to 0.833 mm.
If we want to represent the size of all the
particles retaining on 20-mesh, we need a
single average number, the we need a average
20-mesh, 0.833 mm diameter,

𝑡h
𝐷 𝑝𝑖= 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑜𝑓 𝑡h𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑛 𝑖 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛
Step 1: Calculate average particle diameter for each increment,

Table 1:
Screen Mass Average particle
opening, fraction diameter in Cumulative fraction
i Mesh Dpi, mm retained, xi increment, smaller than,
0 4 4.699 0 --------- 1
1 6 3.327 0.0251 4.013 0.9749
2 8 2.362 0.125 2.845 0.8499
Table 1:
Screen Mass Average particle
opening, fraction diameter in Cumulative fraction
i Mesh Dpi, mm retained, xi increment, smaller than,
0 4 4.699 0 --------- 1
1 6 3.327 0.0251 4.013 0.9749
2 8 2.362 0.125 2.845 0.8499
3 10 1.651 0.3207 2.007 0.5292
4 14 1.168 0.257 1.409 0.2722
5 20 0.833 0.159 1.0011 0.1132
6 28 0.589 0.0538 0.711 0.0594
7 35 0.417 0.021 0.503 0.0384
8 48 0.295 0.0102 0.356 0.0282
9 65 0.208 0.0077 0.252 0.0205
10 100 0.147 0.0058 0.178 0.0147
11 150 0.104 0.0041 0.126 0.0106
12 200 0.074 0.0031 0.089 0.0075
13 Pan ------- 0.0075 0.037 0.0000
 Solution 1

Step 1: Calculate average particle diameter for each increment,

Step 2: For mesh between 4-mesh and 200-mesh, Calculate the area per unit mass
+ + ……. +

𝑛
6 𝑥𝑖
¿ ∑
∅ 𝑠 𝜌 𝑝 𝑖=1 𝐷 𝑝𝑖

In order to calculate
Table 1:
Screen Average particle
opening, Mass fraction diameter in Cumulative fraction
i Mesh Dpi, mm retained, x i increment, smaller than, xi/
0 4 4.699 0 --------- 1 -----------
(0.0251/4.013)
=0.00625
1 6 3.327 0.0251 4.013 0.9749
2 8 2.362 0.125 2.845 0.8499 ??
3 10 1.651 0.3207 2.007 0.5292 ?? Calculate for
4 14 1.168 0.257 1.409 0.2722 ??
5 20 0.833 0.159 1.0011 0.1132 ?? the rest ??
6 28 0.589 0.0538 0.711 0.0594 ??
7 35 0.417 0.021 0.503 0.0384 ??
8 48 0.295 0.0102 0.356 0.0282 ??
9 65 0.208 0.0077 0.252 0.0205 ??
10 100 0.147 0.0058 0.178 0.0147 ??
11 150 0.104 0.0041 0.126 0.0106 ??
12 200 0.074 0.0031 0.089 0.0075 ??
13 Pan ------- 0.0075 0.037 0.0000 ??

= 0.828
 Solution 1

Step 1: Calculate average particle diameter for each increment,

Step 2: For mesh between 4-mesh and 200-mesh, Calculate

+ + ……. + Area vs area
𝑛
per mass
6 𝑥𝑖
¿ ∑
∅ 𝑠 𝜌 𝑝 𝑖=1 𝐷 𝑝𝑖
ρp = 2650 kg/m3, ρp = Convert to g/mm3,

φs = 0.571 ρp = 0.00265 g/mm3, Aw = 3282.37 mm2/g

=3,309 mm2/g (book)
Table 1:
Cumulative
Screen Average fraction smaller
openin Mass particle than Average
g, Dpi, fraction diameter in particle diameter
i Mesh mm retained, xi increment, in increment xi/
0 4 4.699 0 --------- 1 -----------
(0.0251/4.013)
=0.00625 0.000388388
1 6 3.327 0.0251 4.013 0.9749
2 8 2.362 0.125 2.845 0.8499 ?? ??
3 10 1.651 0.3207 2.007 0.5292 ?? ??
4 14 1.168 0.257 1.409 0.2722 ?? ??
5 20 0.833 0.159 1.0011 0.1132 ?? ??
6
7
28
35
0.589
0.417
0.0538
0.021
0.711
0.503
0.0594
0.0384
??
??
??
?? Calculate for
8
9
48
65
0.295
0.208
0.0102
0.0077
0.356
0.252
0.0282
0.0205
??
??
??
??
the rest ??
10 100 0.147 0.0058 0.178 0.0147 ?? ??
11 150 0.104 0.0041 0.126 0.0106 ?? ??
12 200 0.074 0.0031 0.089 0.0075 ?? ??
13 Pan ------- 0.0075 0.037 0.0000 ?? ??

= 8.793151985
 Solution 1

Given
Step 3: Similarly calculate number of particles,
𝑛 ρp = 2650 kg/m3,
1 𝑥𝑖
𝑁𝑤 = ∑
𝑎 𝜌 𝑝 𝑖=1 𝐷3𝑝𝑖
ρp = 0.00265 g/mm3,
a=2
Nw = 1,659 particles/g
= 1,679 particles/g (book)
Step 4: Similarly particles 150/200 mesh, calculate,

[ ]
1
1/ 3 1 ❑
𝐷 𝑠= 𝑛 𝑛
𝑥𝑖
𝐷 =∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝐷 𝑝𝑖
𝐷 𝑣= 𝑛
1
∑( 𝑖 𝑥 / 𝐷 𝑝𝑖 )
3
∑ 𝐷
𝑥𝑖
𝑤 𝑁𝑤 = ∑
𝑎 𝜌 𝑝 𝑖=1 𝐷3𝑝𝑖
𝑖 𝑖 =1 𝑝𝑖 ❑
Dv = 0.075803 mm ???? ???? ????
 Solution 1

Given
Step 5: Similarly calculate number of particles , for particles of
150/200 mesh ρp = 2650 kg/m3,
ρp = 0.00265 g/mm3,
𝑛
1 𝑥𝑖 a=2
𝑁 150 /200 = ∑
𝑎 𝜌 𝑝 𝑖=1 𝐷3𝑝𝑖
Answer: ?
???

Step 6: Fraction of total number of particles for 150/200 mesh

Answer: ??
𝑁 150 /200 ??
𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛=
𝑁𝑤
Assignment 1:
Q.2: Solve Problem 1 and homework 1, and submit.

Last Date of submission: On or before 4th September, 2020 (before 10: 30 pm)
Submission link will be provided.

Home work: Calculate the arithmetic mean diameter, , for the -4 to +200
mesh fractions of the material analyzed in Table 1. How does it differ
qualitatively from the volume mean diameter, ?

Home work: Using data in Table 1. Plot the particle distribution curve based
the (i) particle retained on each screen, and (ii) cumulative analysis.
 Homework: A sample of 100 kg of coal powders (of size varying from few millimeter to micrometers) is
provided to you and the results of screen analysis is given in Table 1 (APPENDIX- 1). Determine (i) the total
surface area of the 100 kg powder, and (ii) the screen effectiveness of mesh- 48, by considering undersize as
the desired product. (iii) How much mass of the coal can be used for combustion in industrial furnace and
power generation plant. State a detailed reason to support your answer.
(If any data is not provided, make necessary assumptions with proper justification or reasoning)

i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Mesh 4 6 8 10 14 20 28 25 48 65 100 150 200 Pan
number
Mass 0 0.5 0.5 0.6 1 0.8 1.9 3 5.6 7.9 11.6 17.5 20.7 28.4
percent
retain
 Example 1

1. Determine the size of the particle shown in Here we will consider Dv for calculation.
the image, with volume of 2 m3.
Given data: vp = 2 m3
vp We will consider a sphere which has equal
vsphere volume to calculate Dv.
vp = 2 m3 = vsphere
𝜋 3 3
𝑣𝑝= 𝐷𝑣 =2 𝑚
6
Solution:
❑
The size of the particle can be determine based 𝐷 =? ? ? ?
𝑣 1.5634 m
on equal volume (Dv), area (Ds), ratio of Answer: The size of the particle can be represented
volume to area (Dv/s) in terms of an equivalent sphere having a diameter of
1.5634 m.