INTRODUCTION

SETS
TO
JOHN VENN
Mathematician John Venn was born August
4, 1834 in Hull, England. A fellow of Caius
College, Cambridge (1857), he developed
George Boole’s symbolic logic, and in his
Logic of Chance (1866) worked on the
frequency theory of probability. He is best
known for Venn diagrams, pictorially
representing the relations between sets.
DEFINITION
Set
OF SET A set is a well-defined group of
objects, called elements that share a
common characteristics.

We use a special character “∈” to

say that something is an element of
a set.
 There are two ways of defining a set.
The Roster Method, and the Rule Method or
Set-Builder Notation
 Roster Method is a method of defining a
set by listing all the elements contained in
a given set. The roster tabulation from is
used when the set does not contain a very
large number of elements. If we are
interested in the set of counting numbers
ROSTER less than 6, for instance, we may use the
roster method to describe it.

METHOD {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
 Set-Builder Notation is
a method of defining a
set by simply
RULE METHOD describing the elements
OR SET- of a given set clearly.

BUILDER
NOTATION
 CARDINALITY
OF A SET
The answer to the question “how many?” is a a cardinal number. A set and
the cardinal number for a set are different. For example if M={month with
31 days} then the set is {January, March, May, July, August, October,
December} and the cardinal number is 7, written n(M) = 7. We say that the
cardinality of M is 7.
 Finite Sets

Infinite Sets
Empty or Null Set Sets that have
a finite A set which is not
A set with no number of finite. It is not
possible to
elements. It is members. explicitly list out
denoted by the all the elements of
symbol { } or ∅. an infinite set.
UNIVERSAL
SET OR
UNIVERSE
Denoted by U. It is the
set that contains all
objects under
consideration.
 Set A is a subset of set B, written as “A ⊂ B”, if and only if
every element of A is also an element of B. Thus, we can say
that N is a subset of M. In symbol NCM.

Set A is a proper subset of B, written as “A ⊂ B”, if and only if

every element of A is also an element of B and that B contains
at least one element that is not in A.
DID YOU
KNOW?
Two sets are equal if and only if they contain
exactly the same elements, in symbol if set A
equals set B, then A = B.

Two sets are equivalent if and only if there is

a one-to-one correspondence between the
elements of the sets. Set A is equivalent to set
B if A has the same cardinality as B.
Operations on
and Venn
S e Diagram
ts
Venn Diagram
Invented by a guy named John Venn. It is
a way of picturing relationships between
different sets. Venn diagrams can be used
to illustrate both set relationships and
logical relationships.
Union
The union of Set A and set B,
denoted by A∪B, is the set whose
elements are contained in either Set
A or Set B, or both.
 Intersection

The intersection of set A and set B, denoted by A∩B, is a

set whose elements are contained in both set A and set B.
disjoint sets
When two or more sets have no
common elements, then the
intersection of the given sets is
empty.
BINARY
OPERATIONS
Both the intersection of two sets
and the union of two sets. In each
case, the operation produces a
single set.
 UNARY
a unary operation is an
operation with only one
operand, i.e. a single input.
 COMPLEMENT
The complement of set A, denoted by A’,
is the set of all elements in the universal
set that are not in A.
THANK YOU