MINE-110

Applied Geology

Week # 5

Volcanism

Dr. Zulfiqar Ali

Department of Mining Engineering
University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore
 Lecture Plan
 Volcanoes and their Types
 Difference between effusive and explosive eruptions
 Major types of volcanoes
 Eruptive products
 Extrusive rocks
 Volcanic Hazards and monitoring
MINE-110
Applied Geology

Lesson # 1
Volcanoes
Types of volcanoes
Dr. Zulfiqar Ali
Department of Mining Engineering
University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore
 Introduction
 Volcano
Anatomy of Volcano
 Classification- Probability of Eruption
Based on Probability of eruption volcano can be:
 Active
 Extinct
 Dormant
 Classification- Probability of Eruption
 Active volcano
 Classification- Probability of Eruption
 Extinct volcano in
 Extinct Volcano
Mexico
 Classification- Probability of Eruption
 Dormant Volcano in
 Dormant Volcano
USA
 Expected to explode at
some point in future
 Classification-Based on Size and Shape
 Based on Size, shape and usually composition
volcano can be:
 Shield
 Cinder Cones
 Composite
 Lava Domes
 Calderas
 Shield Volcano
 Lava flows downslope
 Typical slopes approx.
2ᵒ-10ᵒ.
 Cinder Cones
 Dominated by viscous,
gaseous magmas
 Slope of about 30ᵒ
 Composite Volcanoes
 Different types of
Eruptions
 Much steeper
 Composite Volcanoes-Lava Domes
 Lava Domes
 Steep sided & spine
shaped
 Solidification of viscous
lava
Composite Volcanoes-Lava Domes
 Composite Volcanoes- Calderas
 Caldera
 Volcanic Depression
 Larger than original
depression
 At least 1km diameter
Composite Volcanoes- Calderas
Comparison
MINE-110
Applied Geology

Lesson # 2
Eruptive Products
Monitoring
Volcanic Hazards
Dr. Zulfiqar Ali
Department of Mining Engineering
University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore
 Volcanic Explosive Index (VEI)
 Indicates how powerful volcanic eruption are
 VEI classification:
 Magma
Magma Chemical Temperature Viscosity Gas Content
Type Composition (degrees C)

Basaltic 45-55% SiO2; 1000 - 1200 Low Low

High in Fe, Mg,
Ca; Low in K, Na.

Andesitic 55-65% SiO2; 800-1000 Intermediate Intermediate

Intermediate Fe,
Mg, Ca, Na, K

Rhyolitic 65-75% SiO2; 650-800 High High

Low in Fe, Mg, Ca;
High in K, Na
 Volcanic Eruptions
 Explosive Eruption
 Solid volcanic fragments
 Vary enormously in size
 Effusive Eruption
 Lava Flow
 Less dangerous
Effusive Eruption
Effusive Eruptions
 Outpourings of lava on to the
ground.

Hawaii

Courtesy of www.swisseduc.ch
 Effusive Eruptions- A’a Lava
 A’a Lava:
 Blocky
 Rough
 High viscosity
 Chunks of solid and
semi-solid blocks
 Effusive Eruptions- Pahoehoe Lava
 Pahoehoe Lava
 Ropelike
 Partial cooling as it
flows
 Relatively hot
 Low viscosity
 Effusive Eruptions- Flood Basalts
 Flood basalts:
 Vast outpourings of
mafic lava
 Form thick lava
plateaus.

Covers wide area

 Effusive Eruptions- Columnar Jointing
 Columnar Jointing
 Parallel
 Six-sided
 Vertical
 Effusive Eruptions- Submarine Lava Flow
 Pillow Structure
 Explosive Eruption
 Generation
Explosive Eruption- Pyroclastic Material

Plane cover with ash

Dust

Bombs
 Explosive Eruption- Pyroclastic Flow
 Pyroclastic Flow
 Mixture of gasses &
pyroclastic debris
 Flow rapidly
 Sumatra, Indonesia
 Extrusive Igneous Rocks-Rhyolite
 Rhyolite
 Silicic
 Light colored
 Finely crystalline
 Extrusive Igneous Rocks-Andesite
 Andesite
 Intermediate
 Gray or green
 Half of rock is
plagioclase feldspar
 Remaining
ferromagnesium
 Extrusive Igneous Rocks-Basalt
 Basalt
 Mafic
 mostly of
ferromagnesian
minerals
 calcium-rich plagioclase
feldspar
 Extrusive Igneous Rocks
 Adjectives used to modify rock names

Porphyritic Andesite Porphyritic Basalt

Vesicular basalt
 Extrusive Igneous Rocks-Texture Based
 Obsidian  Pumice
 Glassy  Frothy Volcanic Glass
 Silicic
 Black or reddish
 Extrusive Igneous Rocks-Texture Based
 Scoria  Tuff
 Vol. Vesicle> Vol. Solid  Consolidated
 Fine pyroclastic
Monitoring Techniques
 Monitoring Techniques
 Gas Sampling at vents
Volcanic Hazards
Volcanic Hazards
Living with Volcanoes
 Important Terms
 Pyroclastic Fall (a uniform deposit of material which has been ejected from a volcanic eruption)

 Fumerole (an opening in a planet's crust, often in areas surrounding volcanoes, which emits steam and
gases such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen sulfide)

 Lahar (a violent type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material, rocky debris and
water. The material flows down from a volcano, typically along a river valley)

 Stratovolcano (also known as a composite volcano, is a conical volcano built up by many layers (strata)
of hardened lava, tephra, pumice and ash)

 Geysers (a hot spring in which water intermittently boils, sending a tall column of water and steam into the air)
 Expanding Your Knowledge
 What might explain the remarkable alignment of the
Cascade volcanoes?
 What is difference between volcanic ash and tuff?
 Why are there no active volcanoes in the eastern parts of
the United States and Canada?
 How volcanic eruptions can effect the environment?

Please read Text book page 78 to 101

Lesson of the day