Senior High School

Disaster Readiness and

Risk Reduction
Quarter 1 - Module 7
Earthquake Hazard Maps and
Various Volcano-Related Hazards
 What I Need to Know

This module focuses on the discussion of different earthquake hazard maps and various
volcano-related hazards.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1 – Different Earthquake Hazard Maps
 Lesson 2 – Various Volcano-Related Hazards

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Interpret different earthquake hazard maps (DRR11/12-If-g-20); and
2. Explain various volcano-related hazards (DRR11/12-Ih-i-22).

Lesso
Different Earthquake Hazard Maps
n1
This lesson explains the importance of having a knowledge of interpreting an earthquake hazard map
which is very essential not only in the family but also in the community. It will also help the learner on how
to create a family hazard map which will they use during evacuation.

What’s In

Activity 1. Compare and contrast the two images and answer the given questions below.

(Photo credits: Pinimg.com 2020)

Guide Questions:
1. What picture is best represented by a family earthquake hazard map?
2. Why did you consider that picture as a hazard map?
3. Describe the things that you see in that hazard map.
4. Why are those arrows important? What does the color of the arrows indicate?
 What’s New

Guide Questions:
1. Do you have a family hazard map at home?
2. Why is family hazard map important?
3. Do you know how to interpret a hazard map? How do you interpret your family
hazard map?
4. What are the things you need to consider in interpreting your family hazard map in
order to become more effective?

What is It

Map interpretation is the process looking at the map in order for us to be guided
to a direction or place where we wanted to go using the different symbols or elements of
the map.
There are seven important components of a map. These components will help you
interpret a map.
1. Compass rose. This will give you the proper direction. This is also called it
“orientation.”
2. Title. It tells what the map is about.
3. Symbols. These are pictures instead of symbols.
4. Legend or Key. It explains the meaning of symbols and color.
5. Color. It highlights the important information to help interpret maps.
6. Scale. It shows the proportion of map to real life.
7. Grid Reference. These are intersecting lines to help locate specific places on the
map. In some maps, it is also called “border.”

A Seismic Design Categories will help us in interpreting an earthquake map.

SDC Map Color Earthquake Hazard Potential effects of

Shaking
Very small probability of
A White experiencing damaging
earthquake effects
Moderate shaking-Felt by
B Gray Could experience shaking of all, many frightened. Some
moderate intensity heavy furniture moved; a
few instances of fallen
plaster. Damage slight
Strong shaking-Damage
negligible in buildings of
C Yellow Could experience strong good design and
shaking construction; slight to
moderate in well-built
ordinary structures;
considerable damage in
poorly built structures.
DO Light Brown Very strong shaking
Could experience very Damage slight in specially
strong shaking (the darker designed structures;
D1 Darker Brown the color, the stronger the considerable damage in
shaking) ordinary substantial
D2 Darkest Brown buildings with partial
collapse. Damage great in
poorly built structures.

E Red Near major active faults
capable of producing the
most intense shaking
Strongest shaking-Damage
considerable in specially
designed structures; frame
structures thrown out of
plumb.
Damage great in
substantial buildings, with
partial collapse. Buildings
shifted off foundations.
Shaking intense enough to
completely destroy
buildings.

What’s More

Activity 2. Name Me!

Direction: Give 5 establishments where you can see a hazard map. Write your answers in
your answer sheet.
1. ________________________
2. ________________________
3. ________________________
4. ________________________
5. ________________________

Activity 3: Give Me A Map!

In your answer sheet, sketch your family evacuation map going to the evacuation area.
Indicate in your map the exact location of potential hazards at home and on your way to
evacuation site. The map should be easy to follow. Color the different potential hazard
based from the Seismic Design Categories.

Rubrics (Work will be graded based on the rubrics).

Category 4 3 2 1
Comprehensiv The map The map The map The map
eness of the shows 8-10 shows 5-7 shows 1-4 doesn’t show 8-
map potential potential potential 10 potential
hazards hazards hazards only hazards
correctly and correctly and
potential potential
disasters were disasters were
described described
The map The map shows The map Does not show
shows all safe most shows 1-2 safe safe space
spaces and the safe spaces spaces
path going out
of the house

Activity 4: Interpret the Risk in the map!

Using your family hazard map that you sketched, interpret the potential hazards
according to risk level. (High risk, moderately risk, low risk)

Type of Hazard Interpretation

Activity 5. Guide Me!
Using your family evacuation map, answer the following:
1. What is the approximate distance in meters from your house to the evacuation
area?
2. If you start to travel from your house to the evacuation site, how many minutes will
you consume before reaching the evacuation site?
3. Using a compass or GPS, what direction do you follow in going to the evacuation
site?

What I Have Learned

I learned that having a knowledge of interpreting a family hazard map

is_____________________because__________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

I further learned that interpreting a family hazard map can help me and my family in
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Lesson
Various Volcano-Related Hazards
2

What’s New

Identify which type of volcanic hazards are present in the 6 most active volcanoes of the
Philippines.

MOST ACTIVE DESCRIBE IMPACTS BASED ON

VOLCANOES OF MATERIALS VOLCANIC
THE PHILIPPINES RESEARCHED HAZARDS
•1991 eruption
•The volcano slope tur ned into gray desert,
vegetation was covered and destroyed, the
Aetas were displaced
•Roof of houses collapsed, killing people in
1. Pinatubo Zambales
•Flights cancelled
•During the rainy season weeks or months after
June eruption, houses were buried, bridges
destroyed
•1754, 1911, 1965 eruption
•Ash covered the communities on the island as
2. Taal
well as those nearby • Whole island was
devastated
3. Mayon • 1814,1984, 1993, 2000-2001,
• 2014-sudden phreatic explosion killed
some tourists/hikers
 • 1993- about 70 people mostly tending
their vegetable farms were killed
• 1984- a Typhoon brought heavy rains that
caused lahars to be generated and buried
communities near a river
• Areas covered by molten lava flows have
been rendered useless and could not be used for
farming anymore
4. Bulusan Small eruptions caused ashfall
5. Kanlaon 1993- phreatic event killed a tourist/ hiker
1951- about 500 casualties from the town of
6. Hibok-hibok Mambajao when pyroclastic flows swept the area

What is It

Volcanic hazards are phenomena arising from volcanic activity that pose
potential threat to persons or property in a given area within a given period of time.
Below is a list of volcanic hazards common in Philippine active volcanoes.
VOLCANIC PHENOMENA NEGATIVE IMPACTS / WHY IT IS
HAZARDOUS
Lava Flows are stream-like flows of Lava flows rarely threaten human life
incandescent molten rock erupted from because lava usually moves slowly --
a crater or fissure. When lava is a few centimeters per hour for silicic
degassed and/or very viscous, it tends flows to several km/hour for basaltic
to extrude extremely slowly, forming flows. Most characterize this as quiet
lava domes. effusion of lava. Major hazards of lava
flows --burying, crushing, covering,
burning everything in their path.

Lavas can burn. The intense heat of

lavas melt and burn. As lava flows are
hot and incandescent, areas it covers
are burned (forest, built up areas,
houses).

Lavas can bury. Lavas can bury

Lava flow can bury large area and
render it useless for years. Lava flow
from the 2000 eruption of Mayon
Volcano Photo from PHIVOLCS
Ashfall or tephra fall are showers of
airborne fine- to coarse-grained
volcanic particles that fallout from the
plumes of a volcanic eruption; ashfall
distribution/ dispersal is dependent on
prevailing wind direction.
homes and agricultural areas under
meters of hardened rock. Areas
affected by lava flows once solidified
are also rendered useless and will not
be useful anymore (for agriculture, etc)
for years due to the solid nature of the
lava deposit. Lavas can also block
bridges and highways, affecting
mobility and accessibility of people
and communities.
Collapsing viscous lava domes can
trigger dangerous pyroclastic flows
Ashfall endanger life and property by
During peak of eruption with excessive
ash, can cause poor or low visibility
(driving, slippery roads)
Loss of agricultural lands if burial by
ashfall is greater than 10 cm depth,
Producing suspensions of fine-grained
particles in air and water which clogs

Ashfall from Mt. Pinatubo, 1991,
Creative Commons, Wikimedia
Pyroclastic flows and surges
(Pyroclastic density current) are
turbulent mass of ejected fragmented
volcanic materials (ash and rocks),
mixed with hot gases (200oC to 700oC
to as hot as 900oC) that flow
downslope at very high speeds
(>60kph). Surges are the more dilute,
more mobile derivatives or pyroclastic
flows.
filters and vents of motors, human
lungs, industrial machines, and
nuclear power plants.
Ash suspended in air is also
dangerous for aircrafts as the
abrasive ash can cause the engines to
fail if the suspended ash is
encountered by the airplane Carrying
of harmful (even poisonous,
unpleasant) gases, acids, salts, and,
close to the vent, heat.
Burial by tephra can collapse roofs of
buildings, break power and
communication lines and damage or
kill vegetation. Even thin (<2 cm) falls
of ash can damage such critical
facilities as hospitals, electric-
generating plants, pumping stations,
storm sewers and surface-drainage
systems and sewage treatment plants,
and short circuit electric-transmission
facilities, telephone lines, radio and
television transmitters.
Pyroclastic flows and surges are
potentially highly destructive owing to
their mass, high temperature, high
velocity and great mobility.
Pyroclastic flows can
• Destroy anything on its path by direct
impact
• Burn sites with hot rocks debris
• Burn forests, farmlands, destroy
crops and Buildings
Deadly effects include asphyxiation
(inhalation of hot ash and gases),
burial, incineration (burns) and
crushing from impacts.

Pyroclastic flow from Pinatubo Volcano
eruption, June 1991
Photo from PHIVOLCS
Lahars are rapidly flowing thick mixture of
volcanic sediments (from the pyroclastic
materials) and water, usually triggered by
intense rainfall during typhoons, monsoons
and thunderstorms. Lahar can occur
immediately after an eruption or can
become long-term problem if there is
voluminous pyroclastic materials erupted
such as the case of 1991 Pinatubo
eruption. Lahars can also occur long after
an eruption has taken place such as the
lahars at Mayon Volcano after the 1984
eruption.
Volcanic gases- gases and aerosols
released into the atmosphere, which
include water vapor, hydrogen sulfide,
sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen
chloride, hydrogen
fluoride
Debris avalanche or volcanic landslide
massive collapse of a volcano, usually
triggered by an earthquake or volcanic
eruption. An example of recent debris
avalanche event occurred during the 1980
eruption of Mt. St Helens. Based on
present morphology of volcanoes, Iriga
Volcano in Camarines
Sur, Banahaw Volcano and Quezon
The only effective method of risk
mitigation is evacuation prior to such
eruptions from areas likely to be affected
by pyroclastic density currents.
Lahars have destroyed many villages and
lives living on Pinatubo and Mayon
Volcano because most people live in
valleys where lahars flow.
• Lahars can destroy by direct impact
(bridges, roads, houses)
• Lahars can block tributary stream and
form a lake. This can submerged villages
within the valley of the tributary that was
blocked, there is also the danger of the
dammed lake breaching or lake breakout
and if this happens, this puts to danger
the lives of people in communities
downstream
• Lahars can bury valleys and
communities with debris
• Lahars can lead to increased
deposition of sediments along affected
rivers and result to long-term flooding
problems in the low-lying downstream
communities.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon dioxide
(CO2), and hydrogen flouride (HF) are
some volcanic gases that pose hazard to
people, animals, agriculture and property.
SO2 can lead to acid rain. High
concentrations of CO2 which is colorless
and odorless can be lethal to people,
animals and vegetation. Fluorine
compounds can deform and kill animals
that grazed on vegetation
covered with volcanic ash.
When a huge portion of the side of a
volcano collapses due to slope failure.
This results to massive destruction similar
to what happened in Mt. St. Helens in
the USA in 1980. The huge volcanic
debris avalanche typically
leaves an amphitheater-like feature and
at the base of volcanoes with
 Province and Kanlaon Volcano had pre- debris avalanche event, a hummocky
historic debris avalanche events. topography (small hills all over).

Ballistic projectiles are Volcanic Ballistic projectiles endanger life and

materials directly ejected from the property by the force of impact of falling
volcano’s vent with force and trajectory fragments, but this occurs only
close to an eruption vent.
Tsunami- sea waves or wave trains that An eruption that occurs near a body of
are generated by sudden displacement of water may generate tsunamis if the
water (could be generated during undersea pyroclastic materials enter the body of
eruptions or debris avalanches). water and cause it to be disturbed and
displaced, forming huge waves.

Types of Volcanic Description

Hazards
Volcanic gases -These gases are released into the atmosphere from the
magma of the volcano during its eruption. These gases can
also remain below the ground and will rise toward the
surface of the earth. In this case, gases may escape from
the soil and volcanic vents into the atmosphere. The gases
that are ejected by the volcanic eruption is harmful to those
who are living around the volcano and to the atmosphere
because these gases produces elements that creates acid
rains.
-These gases can rise and spread tens of kilometers into
the atmosphere while explosive eruptions are happening.
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen
chloride and hydrogen fluoride
Lahar -is the flowing of the hot/cold mixture of water and rock
materials of a volcano going downstream through its river
valleys and slopes. While lahar is moving, it looks like a
mass of wet concrete that contains different rock debris
from clay up to boulders. This volcano hazard may vary
depending on its size and speed. Large lahars are flowing
hundreds of meters wide and tens of meters in depth.
Ashfall -are the ashes ejected by a volcanic eruption which
consists of very small jagged pieces of glass and rock.
These ashes are hard, mildly corrosive, hard. Conducts
electricity when wet, and never dissolve in water. The ash
may sometimes become so dense that the sunlight gets
blocked. It spreads to broad areas by the wind. There is
also a smell of sulfur that occurs during ash falls. The rock
and glass particles attributed to this hazard can travel
thousands of kilometers as the wind blows that may result
to injuries and damages
to communities.
Pyroclastic Flow -is a highly-density mixture of dry and hot fragments of
rocks and hot gases that move away from the volcano vent
and move in high speed.
-this may result from a nonexplosive eruption of lava when
thick lava flow collapses down a slope. This hazard
destroys
everthing in its path.
Lava Flows -These flows coming out from the volcano consist of molten
rocks that oozes from eruption. Lava is ejected during
explosive and nonexplosive lava fountain activities and
destroys every object in its path. However, the people can
have time to move away from it because of its slow
 movement. Lava has an extremely hot temperature that can
knock over, bury, and surround the communities near the
volcano.

What’s More

Determine whether each statement about volcano related hazards is true or false.
1. Pyroclastic flows and surges are potentially highly destructive owing to their
mass, high temperature, high velocity and great mobility.
2. Lahars are rapidly flowing thick mixture of volcanic sediments (from the
pyroclastic materials) and water, usually triggered by intense rainfall during
typhoons, monsoons and thunderstorms.
3. Lava flows are considered the most dangerous type of hazard from a volcano
and is always a big threat to human lives.
4. Lahars can occur immediately after an eruption or can become long-term
problem for as long as there are excess sediments on the volcano’s slope and
water to remobilize these.
5. Pyroclastic flow results from an explosive eruption.
6. During eruption, excessive ashfall is dangerous as it can cause poor or low
visibility.
7. Ash from volcanoes are also abrasive, because of this, ash suspended in air is
also dangerous for airplanes as this can cause the engines to fail if the
suspended ash is encountered by the airplane.
8. High concentrations of CO2 which is colorless and odorless can be lethal to
people, animals and vegetation

What I Have Learned

Differentiate the following volcano related hazards.

1. ashfall and volcanic gases
2. lahar and lava flows
3. pyroclastic flow and lava flow
Reference

 Teaching Guide for SHS Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction, CHED and
Philippine Normal University

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