Medieval Art and Architecture in Europe

Group-06

Presented by:
Supervised by:
Shariful Islam(1140)
Ananna Zulfiqar Showly
Sheikh Limon Mahmud(1146)
Lecturer
Mohaimenul Islam Niloy(1135)
Department of Archaeology
Afrina Akter Akhi 1130
Jahangirnagar University
Imran Hossian Rahat(1144)
Savar,Dhaka
 Contents
01 02 03 04
Romanesque German Style
Introduction Style Gothic Style

05
Medieval Church
06 07 08
Architecture Medieval Art and
Sclupture Conclusion .........
 Introduction
The main representative subject of the art of the Middle Ages is the aesthetic expression of the architectural art of
the time. Medieval architecture developed through church architecture. Roman life and thought brought about a
marked change in Christianity. Therefore, there is some change in art along with religion.

The neo-Christian Romans felt the need to build churches for worship. Early Christian houses of worship were built in
the style of Roman houses. Its common name was Basilica. The construction style of the Christian religious buildings
of that time was quite simple. The exterior of the church was not so beautiful then that attention was not kind.
Churches were built of uneven bricks or stones. The exterior was sometimes simply limewashed. But the focus was on
the interior. The interior was sleek and decorated in many ways.
 Early churches were rectangular and had three aisles. The middle
aisle was semi-circular i.e. arched. Rows of parallel pillars
separated the central semicircle from the side aisles. The roof rises
along the central aisle and windows are cut around it.

This Roman style of architecture gradually underwent some

changes. During the Carolingian period, large churches were built.
However, the existence of such a church is no longer found.
Churches were usually made of wood. Hence it was destroyed
during the anarchy of the 9th and 10th centuries.

Figure: Notre Dame La Grande

Romanesque

Style
Figure:Internal structure and external structure
 Architecture
The period was an era of religious reformation. From within
Christianity.Monasticism was evolving with new reformist ideas. Its major
influence comes from the process of reforming the monastery of Cluny. At this
time, new monasteries and big churches were built. A special style of
construction of this period came to be known as Romanesque.

The Romanesque period is generally considered to have lasted from 1000 to

1200 AD. However, the introduction of the Gothic style can be seen
somewhere in Western Europe around 1150 AD. Again the Romanesque style
survived until around 1300 AD. The spread of the Romanesque style in
Western Europe was due to the settlement of various tribes of Romans and
Berbers in the region during the Middle Ages. So there is a mixture of the
original Romanesque style with the local style. As a result, some differences in
Romanesque styles can be observed from region to region.

(J. Evans,1967) Figure: St. Lazarus Cathedral

 The inventors of the Romanesque style aimed to embody the riches of God by binding the
churches of Christianity to the same architectural style. The idea of building wooden
houses against or alongside the construction of stone monuments first encouraged the
creation of this custom. The main reason why this new construction method is called
Romanenque is that this method was invented in the light of the ancient Roman
architectural style. However, observing the architectural style of this style, its decoration
and construction methods also reflected local influence on the poles. Basically
Romanesque art style is not characterized by any distinctive features or specific standard
style.

This style is a mixture of early Christian art, Byzantine art and elements of Barbarian art.
These elements have changed over time due to local geographical, political, social and
religious factors. Romanesque architecture is primarily associated with churches, so it is
called religious art. It is also called a dynamic art form as this art form takes different forms
in different regions. Therefore, the Romanesque style is considered to be devoid of the
influence of the classical style of architecture.
(Harry J. Carrol,1978)

Figure: Basilica of Saint-Saernin

The arches commonly used in Romanesque
architecture were circular. This arch style is directly
adopted from Roman architecture. Barrels and cross
vaults were used in this style. Italian style wooden
roofs have been used to build fireproof churches in
Northern Europe. Barrel and arched arches were used
especially in the nave of the church. The outer walls of
the church were widened to support the heavy stone
caskets and vaults, and the arches were also made
quite wide. Sometimes cross-beams were used in
cross-arches. Small windows were cut instead of large
windows so that the walls did not weaken. The
windows were never cut. As a result, the interior of the
Romanesque church in the north was dark and damp.
 Gothic Architecture
Gothic Style: The thirteenth century saw the final development of
the Gothic style of architecture. Its center was northern France. A
clear difference can be noted between the art of Eastern Europe
and the art of Western Europe. Some customs of the eastern region
survived for almost a thousand years. But all industrial practices in
the West were short-lived. As the Gothic style developed, the
Romanesque style became increasingly obsolete and outmoded in
European architecture. The Gothic style reached its peak between
1200 and 1275 AD. However, the Gothic style is generally
considered to have originated in 1150 and ended in 1500 AD.
Gothic art is not exclusively the creation of 'Goths'. After the
barbarian Goths dominated Italy.
Gothic architecture was relatively complex. Gothic architecture emphasized harmony between interior
and exterior. Apart from the general practical aspect, the Gothic style also sought to express aesthetic
ideas in artistic form. Harmony in design is one of the hallmarks of Gothic architecture. By the end of
the thirteenth century, architectural designs became more ornate. The huge cathedral church is built in
the Gothic style. In fact, the source of inspiration for the development of Gothic style architecture in
this period is found in the increase in wealth of the cities and the political and social elements. At that
time wealthy townspeople spent a lot of money trying to make their churches more attractive.

The construction technique of Gothic architecture was different. Angular and pointed arches were one
of the characteristics of this style. The transverse arches were supported by beams. Gothic arches were
much higher than Romanesque arches. The arches easily carried the load of the roof. As a result, it was
necessary to build wide walls in the Romanesque style
Therefore, enough windows were cut in Gothic churches. In the Gothic style, arches
were placed on stone pillars. Stones were placed on the pillars so that the pillars do
not fall under the pressure of the arch. This tress was called flying but tress. Colored
glass was used in the window between the two pillars. As a result, instead of the dark
church of the Romanesque night, the Gothic church is illuminated with light.

The Gothic churches of the thirteenth century were the most artistic. England's
'Canterbury Cathedral', Paris' 'Notre Dame Cathedral', and Germany's 'Cologne
Cathedral' are notable among the opulent churches of this period. A special feature of
the churches built in England was the stone work on the windows. Some of the
churches in England show a certain conservatism. Such churches were relatively low
in height. No 'flying sticks' were used here. Twin towers in a Gothic church in
France
 But in all these churches in England only one tower
was built. It is considered to be the influence of the
Romanesque style on the Gothic church. The
construction of the monastery was also largely
influenced by the Romanesque style. However, the
Gothic style can be observed directly in the
churches of the city.

The process of making colored glass

by mixing colored minerals into
A notable feature of Gothic churches was
heated molten glass was invented in
the use of stained glass in their windows.
the thirteenth century. At this time,
Stained glass was also widely used in
stained glass windows were painted
Byzantine art. It is considered an essential
with images of gods and goddesses
feature of medieval art. The
or stories from the Bible. of the story
 German Style
MEDIEVAL MARVELS OF GERMANY

Germany is home to some of the most impressive medieval architecture

in the world. From towering castles to magnificent cathedrals, these
structures are testaments to the creativity and skill of their builders.

THE CASTLE OF NEUSCHWANSTEIN

The Neuschwanstein Castle is one of the most famous castles in

Germany. Built in the 19th century, it was designed to look like a
medieval castle. It is said to have inspired the design of the Disney castle.
German medieval architecture, like in many other parts of
Europe, is characterized by various styles and influences over
the centuries. Some key aspects include:

Romanesque Architecture (11th-12th centuries): This style is

marked by thick walls, rounded arches, and sturdy pillars.
Examples in Germany include the Speyer Cathedral and the
Worms Cathedral.

Gothic Architecture (12th-16th centuries): German Gothic

architecture is exemplified by structures like the Cologne
Cathedral and Strasbourg Cathedral. These buildings feature
pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses
Castles and Fortifications: Germany is known for its many
medieval castles, which served as both defensive structures and
symbols of power. The Hohenzollern Castle and
Neuschwanstein Castle are famous examples.

Hanseatic Brick Gothic: In the northern regions of Germany, the

Hanseatic League influenced architecture. Brick Gothic
buildings, such as St. Mary's Church in Lübeck, are notable for
their use of red brick and intricate detailing.

Renaissance and Baroque Influence: As Europe moved into the

Renaissance and Baroque periods, German architecture evolved
accordingly. This can be seen in palaces like the Palace of
Versailles and Sanssouci Palace.
 What is the medieval church?

The churches that were built in Europe between about 1040 AD and 1540

AD are called medieval churches.

In the Middle Ages the church was not only a means of connection with God:

It was a complete belief system.

History, science, ethics, the medieval church also had specific rules.
Medieval church architecture

The medieval church architecture is

very impressive. Although the
architectural style varies from place
to place, it differs from one church
to another.

But there are some basic features

that were fairly universal in
churches built in the Middle Ages,
and the model for this type of
church was the Roman basilica.
Bir t h d a y
G i rl
 Art
Medieval Europe, a period roughly spanning from the 5th to the 15th century, was a
time of great cultural and artistic diversity. Art during this period was heavily
influenced by the Catholic Church, which played a central role in the lives of
people in medieval Europe. Here are some examples of art from different periods
within medieval Europe:

• Byzantine Art
• Romanesque Art
• Gothic Art
• Medieval Manuscript Illuminations
Byzantine
Byzantine art is known for its iconic and religiously inspired
paintings, often found in churches, basilicas, and other
religious structures. These paintings typically feature religious

Art figures and scenes, with a strong emphasis on symbolism, rich

colors, and a sense of otherworldly transcendence.
 Features of Byzantine Art
01 02 03 04
Religious Mosaics Frescoes Illuminated
Emphasis Manuscripts

05
Use of Gold and
06
Abstract and
07
Persistence of
08
Influence
Precious Symbolic Tradition
Materials Elements
Hagia Sophia Mosaic (10th
Century)
Located in Istanbul (formerly Constantinople), this
mosaic is found in the Hagia Sophia, one of the most
famous Byzantine churches. It depicts the Mother
Mary with the Christ Child, flanked by Emperor
Constantine Monomachus IX and his wife Zoe.
The Resurrection icon
(13th Century)
Found in the Church of St. Savior in Chora, Istanbul, this
fresco depicts the Resurrection icon of Jesus Christ. It is a
fine example of late Byzantine art, characterized by a
more emotional and narrative approach to religious
subjects.
The Mother and Child with
Saints and Angels
(13th Century)
This icon, housed in the National Gallery in London, is a
classic example of Byzantine religious painting. It
features the Mother Mary holding the Christ Child,
surrounded by various saints and angels. The use of gold
leaf and the elongated proportions of the figures are
typical of Byzantine art.
The Last Judgment (14th
Century)
Found in the Church of St. Panteleimon in Nerezi, North
Macedonia, this fresco depicts the Last Judgment. It's a
powerful representation of the final judgment of souls,
with Christ in the center and angels and saints on either
side.
Romanesque
Romanesque art, which primarily flourished in Europe from
the 10th to the 13th century, encompasses a wide range of

Art artistic expression, including painting. Romanesque paintings

were often found in churches and religious settings and were
characterized by their decorative and symbolic nature.
Frescoes in the Abbey Church
of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe,
France
The Abbey Church of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe is renowned
for its well-preserved Romanesque frescoes. These paintings,
dating back to the 12th century, cover the walls and ceilings of
the church's nave. They depict biblical scenes, saints, and
symbolic imagery, often in vibrant colors and with a strong
emphasis on religious themes.
Frescoes in the Basilica
of San Isidoro, Spain

Located in León, Spain, the Basilica of San Isidoro contains

Romanesque frescoes dating from the 12th century. These
paintings depict scenes from the Bible, including the Last
Supper and the Nativity, and are characterized by their
simplicity and use of earthy colors.
Manuscript
Illuminations
Romanesque manuscripts often featured intricate
illuminations, which are highly detailed paintings and
illustrations found within books and religious texts.
These illuminations included depictions of religious
figures, scenes from the Bible, and decorative elements.
The Lindisfarne Gospels and the Leiden Aratea are
examples of Romanesque illuminated manuscripts.
Mural Paintings in the
Church of Santa Maria de
Taüll, Spain
The Church of Santa Maria de Taüll, located in
Catalonia, Spain, is known for its Romanesque mural
paintings from the 12th century. These murals depict
various biblical scenes, including the Pantocrator (a
depiction of Christ as the ruler of the universe) on the
church's apse.
Pilgrimage Churches in
Germany

Throughout Germany, we can find examples of

Romanesque paintings in pilgrimage churches. These
paintings often include depictions of saints, angels, and
religious stories. The Church of St. Cyriakus in Gernrode
and the Basilica of St. Servatius in Quedlinburg are
notable examples.
Gothic Art Gothic painting is a style of art that flourished in Europe
during the late Middle Ages, from the 12th to the 16th century.
It is characterized by its intricate and highly detailed
compositions, rich colors, and religious subject matter. Here
are a few examples of notable Gothic paintings:
The Crucifixion, Altarpiece of the
Basilica di Santa Croce by Cimabue (c.
1280-1285):
• This painting is located in the Basilica di Santa Croce in Florence, Italy. It
depicts the crucifixion of Jesus Christ in a traditional Gothic style, with a gold
background and elongated figures.

The Wilton Diptych (c. 1395-1399):

• This small portable diptych is one of the finest examples of English Gothic
painting. It shows King Richard II of England kneeling before the Virgin Mary
and the Christ Child, surrounded by angels.
The Last Judgment, Altarpiece of
St. Michael's Church by Hans Memling
(c. 1467-1471):
• This altarpiece, located in St. Michael's Church in Germany, is a masterpiece of
Northern Renaissance Gothic painting. It depicts the Last Judgment, with Christ seated
in judgment and angels and saints surrounding him.

The Ghent Altarpiece by Jan van Eyck (completed 1432):

• This large and complex polyptych is one of the most famous works of Northern
Renaissance art. It consists of multiple panels that can be opened and closed, revealing
different scenes. The central panel features the Adoration of the Mystic Lamb, while
the side panels depict various religious figures and scenes.
Medieval Manuscript
Illuminations
Medieval manuscript illuminations are intricate and beautifully decorated
illustrations found in handwritten books and manuscripts from the Middle
Ages. These illuminations often adorned religious texts, historical chronicles,
and other important documents. Here's an example of a medieval manuscript
illumination:

Title: The Book of Kells

Date: Estimated to be around the 9th century
Location: Trinity College Library, Dublin, Ireland

The Book of Kells is one of the most famous examples of medieval

manuscript illuminations. It is an illuminated Gospel manuscript containing
the four Gospels of the New Testament, written in Latin. The manuscript is
renowned for its incredibly detailed and intricate illuminations, which feature
intricate patterns, ornate initials, and depictions of various biblical scenes and
figures.
 Sculptures
Medieval European sculpture encompasses a wide range
of artistic styles, techniques, and themes produced
throughout the Middle Ages, roughly spanning from the
5th to the 15th century. These sculptures were primarily
created for religious or architectural purposes and can be
categorized into several distinct periods and styles.
 Early Christian sculptures
(4th-6th century):

Early Christian sculpture is a significant art form that developed in the early centuries of
Christianity, primarily in the Roman Empire. These sculptures often had religious themes
and were influenced by both Roman and Hellenistic artistic traditions.

• The Good Shepherd (late 3rd century - early 4th century CE): This is a
common motif in early Christian art, representing Jesus as the caring shepherd
who watches over his flock. The sculpture often features a youthful Christ
holding a lamb on his shoulders, symbolizing his protective and guiding role.
 Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus
(359 CE):
This is an elaborately carved marble sarcophagus that depicts various scenes from
the Bible, including the life of Christ. It's considered a masterpiece of early
Christian sculpture and provides valuable insights into the early Christian
iconography.

Catacomb of Priscilla Sculptures (2nd - 4th

century CE):

The Catacombs of Priscilla in Rome contain numerous early Christian sculptures and
frescoes. These include depictions of Biblical scenes, such as the Sacrifice of Isaac
and the Resurrection of Lazarus, as well as symbols like the Chi-Rho (a Christian
symbol) and fish (an early Christian symbol).
Statue of Saint Peter (5th
century CE):
Located in the Vatican, this statue represents Saint Peter, one of the apostles of
Jesus and an important figure in Christianity. It's an example of early Christian
sculpture influenced by Roman portrait statues.

Early Christian Ivory Diptychs (4th -

6th century CE):

Ivory diptychs were small, hinged panels often used for religious or decorative
purposes. They were intricately carved with scenes from the Bible, saints, and
other Christian motifs. Examples of these can be found in various museums and
collections.
 Romanesque Sculpture
(10th-12th century):
Romanesque sculpture refers to the art of carving, sculpting,
and decorating during the Romanesque period, which
roughly spanned from the 10th to the 12th century in
Europe. This style is characterized by its robust, often
stylized forms, and a focus on religious themes. Here are
some notable examples of Romanesque sculpture:
 The Portico of Santiago de
Compostela Cathedral (Spain):
The Portico of Glory is a masterpiece of Romanesque sculpture and one of the
most famous examples in the world. It features intricate sculptures of apostles,
prophets, and various biblical figures, including a magnificent representation of
Christ.

Tympanum of Autun Cathedral

(France):

·The tympanum of Autun Cathedral depicts the Last Judgment. It's a powerful
representation of Christ's second coming and the judgment of souls. The sculpture
is known for its dramatic and expressive figures.
 San Zeno Maggiore Church
(Italy):
The church of San Zeno in Verona features a beautiful bronze door with 48
relief panels, illustrating scenes from the Bible. These sculptures are known for
their intricate details and storytelling qualities.

Mozac Abbey (France):

Mozac Abbey is famous for its intricate Romanesque carvings, including
detailed capitals, tympana, and other decorative elements. The sculptures often
depict biblical scenes and intricate foliage designs.
 Gothic Sculpture
(12th-16th century):
Gothic sculpture is a style of art that emerged during the Gothic
period, which spanned from the 12th to the 16th century in
Europe. It is characterized by its intricate detailing, naturalistic
forms, and an emphasis on depicting religious and secular
subjects. Here are some notable examples of Gothic sculptures:
 Chartres Cathedral Sculptures
The Chartres Cathedral in France is renowned for its impressive Gothic
sculptures. The façade features numerous sculptures, including scenes from the
Bible, figures of saints, and intricately carved portals. The "Portal of the Last
Judgment" is especially famous for its detailed depictions of heaven, hell, and the
final judgment.

Notre-Dame Cathedral Sculptures

The Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris is another iconic example of Gothic architecture

and sculpture. Its façade is adorned with numerous sculptures, including the famous
"Gallery of Kings," a row of statues representing the biblical kings of Israel.
 Reims Cathedral Sculptures
The Reims Cathedral, also in France, is known for its exquisite sculptures. The
"Smiling Angel" and the "Visitation Portal" are notable examples of Gothic
sculpture found in this cathedral.

Well of Moses at the Chartreuse

de Champmol
Located in Dijon, France, this sculpture depicts the figures of Moses and
various prophets. It was created by the renowned sculptor Claus Sluter and is a
masterpiece of Gothic sculpture.
 Conclusions
Throughout the medieval period, art and architecture were closely tied to
religion, with many works serving a primarily religious or spiritual purpose.
However, as the Middle Ages progressed, there was also a growing interest in
secular and courtly themes, leading to a broader range of artistic expression
in various forms. Medieval European art and architecture continue to be
celebrated for their historical and cultural significance.
Bibliography
"Gothic Art and Civilization" by Paul Frankl
"Early Christian and Byzantine Art" by Robin Cormack
"Romanesque Art" by Gerald Zugmann
"Medieval Illuminators and Their Methods of Work" by
Jonathan J. G. Alexander
"The Gothic Revival" by Kenneth Clark