OBJECTIVES OF STATIC

SHUNT COMPENSATION

MODULE 2 LECTURE 3

Presented by
Dr . K.Ravi., M.E., PhD
OBJECTIVES OF SHUNT COMPENSATION
 Steady-state transmittable power can be increased.
 Voltage profile can be controlled.

 Shunt connected reactors (fixed or mechanically

switched) are applied to minimize line over voltage
under light load conditions.
 Shunt connected capacitors are applied to maintain
voltage levels under heavy load conditions.
 Increase the transmittable power.
 Improve the steady-state transmission characteristics as
well as the stability of the system.
 Var compensation is thus used for voltage regulation at
the midpoint (or some intermediate) to segment the
transmission line and at the end of the (radial) line to
prevent voltage instability,
 Dynamic voltage control to increase transient stability
and damp power oscillations.
MIDPOINT REGULATION FOR LINE
SEGMENTATION
 Consider two bus transmission model with ideal var
compensator at the midpoint.

Fig1.two machine power system with an ideal mid point compensator

 The compensator divides line into 2 parts.

 MIDPOINT REGULATION FOR LINE
SEGMENTATION
 Midpoint var compensator exchange only reactive power
with the line.

 Real power is same at each terminal

E S  V R Cos
VR
I S  j Sin
X
MIDPOINT REGULATION FOR LINE
SEGMENTATION
 The transmitted power is

 The relation between P, Q and angle

MIDPOINT REGULATION FOR LINE
SEGMENTATION
 It can be observed that the Midpoint shunt
compensation significantly increase the transmittable
power.
 Mid point of the transmission line is the best location for
the compensator.
 Voltage sag is maximum at the mid point.
END OF LINE VOLTAGE SUPPORT TO
PREVENT VOLTAGE INSTABILITY
 Consider a radial Transmission line with reactance of X and load impedance Z as
shown in below fig.
 Terminal voltage versus power P at various load power factors , ranging from 0.8 -0.9
lead.
 The nose point at each plot given for specific load pf represents the voltage instability.
 It should be noted that the voltage stability limit decreases with inductive loads and
increases with capacitive loads.
END OF LINE VOLTAGE SUPPORT TO
PREVENT VOLTAGE INSTABILITY
 Shunt reactive compensation can effectively increase the voltage stability limit by
supplying the reactive power and regulating the voltage.
 It is evident that for a radial line, the end of the line, where the largest voltage
variations is experienced, is the best solution for the compensator.
END OF LINE VOLTAGE SUPPORT TO
PREVENT VOLTAGE INSTABILITY
 Reactive shunt compensation can effectively increase the
voltage stability limit and regulates the terminal voltage.
 End of the line is the best location for compensator.
IMPROVEMENT OF TRANSIENT
STABILITY
 Equal area criterion; the simple 2 machine with two line system shown in fig. and
corresponding power angle curve.
 Curve a is operating at §1 to transmit power P when fault occurs at line segment 1
 during the fault, the curve b, transmitted electric power decreases significantly while
the mechanical input power to sending end generator remains constant to P 1.
 As a result, generator accelerates and angle § increases from § 1- §2 .
 Protective breakers disconnect the faulted line segment “1”. And sending end
generator absorb accelerating energy represented by areaA1.
 After clearing fault, the curve is c.
 At angle §2 on curve c transmitted power exceeds the mechanical power P1 and
sending end generator starts to decelerate.
 However, angle § further increases due to kinetic energy stored in the machine the
max angle reached at §3,decelarating energy represented by area A2. becomes equal
to accelerating energy A1.
 The limit of transient stability is reached at §3= §crit. Beyond which the decelerating
energy would not balance the accelerating energy and synchronism between sending
and receiving end could not be restored.
 The area “A margin” between §3 and § crit, represent the transient stability margin of
the system.
IMPROVEMENT OF TRANSIENT STABILITY
TRANSIENT STABILITY MARGIN FOR SIMPLE 2 MACHINE SYSTEM
WITHOUT COMPENSATION
IMPROVEMENT OF TRANSIENT STABILITY
TRANSIENT STABILITY MARGIN FOR SIMPLE 2 MACHINE SYSTEM
WITH COMPENSATION
 Shunt compensator is assumed to be ideal. ideal means amplitude of the
midpoint voltage remains constant all the time, except possibly during fault.
 The phase angle follows the generator angle swings so that the compensator
would not be involved in real power exchange. But it would continuously
provide reactive power.
 In the case of an under-damped power system, any minor disturbance can
cause the machine angle to oscillate around its steady-state value at the
natural frequency of the total electromechanical system.
 The angle oscillation, of course, results in a corresponding power oscillation
around the steady-state power transmitted. The lack of sufficient damping
can be a major problem in some power systems and, in some cases, it may
be the limiting factor for the transmittable power.
 Since power oscillation is a sustained dynamic event, it is necessary to vary
the applied shunt compensation, and thereby the (midpoint) voltage of the
transmission line, to counteract the accelerating and decelerating swings of
the disturbed machine(s).
 That is, when the rotationally oscillating generator accelerates and angle δ
increases (dδ/dt > 0), the electric power transmitted must be increased to
compensate for the excess mechanical input power. Conversely, when the
generator decelerates and angle δ decreases (dδ/dt < 0), the electric power
must be decreased to balance the insufficient mechanical input power. (The
mechanical input power is assumed to be essentially constant in the time
frame of an oscillation cycle.)
 POWER OSCILLATION DAMPING

Fig 3Waveforms illustrating power oscillation damping by reactive shunt compensation:

(a) generator angle, (b) transmitted power, and (c) var output of the shunt compensator.
 The requirements of var output control, and the process of
power oscillation damping, is illustrated by the waveforms in
Figure 3. Waveforms in Figure 3(a) show the undamped and
damped oscillations of angle δ around the steady-state value
 Waveforms in Figure 3(b) show the undamped and damped
oscillations of the electric power P around the steady-state
value Po. (The momentary drop in power shown at the
beginning of the waveform represents an assumed disturbance
that initiated the oscillation.)
 Waveform c shows the reactive power output Qp of the shunt-
connected var compensator. The capacitive (positive) output
of the compensator increases the midpointvoltage and hence
the transmitted power when dδ/ dt > 0, and it decreases those
when dδ/dt < o.