Unit 5: Principles and

Applications of Science ΙI
Organ and Systems

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 Lesson 1 content
The Cardiovascular System

 The structure of the heart

 The characteristic features of blood vessels and

pressure changes

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 Learning outcomes
 Know the pulmonary and systemic circulatory systems
 Know the four chambers of the heart
 Know the major blood vessels associated with the heart
 Know how blood reaches the heart muscle
 Know the gross structure (relative size) of the heart
 Identify the parts of the heart from diagrams and
photographs
 Able to calculate cardiac output
Cardiac output (CO) = stroke volume (SV) x Heart rate
(HR)

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 Recap of Previous lessons (Unit 1 & 8)

 Mention any organs and organ systems

 Briefly explain the importance of each system

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 What is another name for cardiovascular system?

“...Circulatory system!”

 Do not rely on diffusion alone for supply of nutrients

 Allows blood to circulate around the body for nutrients
supply, to maintain homeostasis and to survive

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 The cardiovascular system consists of:

 The Heart
 The Blood
 The Blood Vessels

…is Blood a tissue?

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 Components of the human blood

 Erythrocytes
 Leukocytes
 Thrombocytes (Platelets)
 Plasma

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 Functions of the blood

 For transportation
 For regulation
 For protection

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 In class assessment

 State the things that blood regulates

 State the things that blood transports
 Why blood protects

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 Characteristic features of blood vessels

 Arteries and Arterioles

 Capillaries
 Venules and Veins

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 Arteries and Arterioles
 They carry blood away from the heart
 They thick walls contain a fibrous protein called collagen
 The walls are elastic (pulse)
 They contain smooth muscles
 They are lined with smooth endothelium tissues

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 Capillaries
 They link arterioles to venules
 They allow the exchange of materials between blood and
the body’s cell
 They possess thin walls of one layer of endothelium cells
 The thin walls reduces the diffusion distance for the
materials being exchanged
 They possess a small diameter sized lumen that allows
only one erythrocytes through at a time

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 Venules and Veins
 The capillaries become slightly larger and form venules
 They have large lumen and thinner walls than arteries
 They have thinner layers of collagen, smooth muscle and
elastic tissue
 They have valves to help prevent back flow of blood

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 The Heart
 Size of one's fist and about 300g in mass
 Located in the thoracic cavity
 Enclosed in a fibrous bag made from inelastic connective tissue
called pericardium
 Divided into two halves with two chambers each
 The two upper chambers are called the atria
 The two lower chambers are called ventricles
 Wall is made from myocardium (cardiac muscle - myogenic)
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 The Heart
 The right atrium receives oxygenated blood from the Vena cava
(Vein)
 The left atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the lungs via
the pulmonary vein
 During contraction, deoxygenated blood flows upwards out of
the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery
 Oxygenated blood leaves the left ventricle into the aorta
(artery)

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 Two types of Circulation
 Systemic Circulation: Blood flows from the heart to body
tissue and back to the heart
 Pulmonary Circulation: Blood flows from the heart to the
lungs to expel carbon dioxide and take in oxygen and returns
to the heart

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 2 types of Circulation

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 Draw and label the internal structures of the Heart

1. Pulmonary artery
2. Aorta
3. Left atrium
4. Left ventricle
5. Right ventricle
6. Right atrium

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 Cardiac output
 It is the term used to describe the volume of blood that is pumped by the
heart (the left and right ventricle) per unit of time
 An average adult has a cardiac output of roughly 4.7 litres of blood per
minute when at rest
 Cardiac output increases when an individual is exercising
 The CO of an individual can be calculated using their heart rate and stroke
volume
 Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle
during one cardiac cycle

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 Calculating cardiac output
 Cardiac output is found by multiplying the heart rate by the stroke
volume:
Cardiac output (CO) = stroke volume (SV) x Heart rate (HR)
Heart rate = cardiac output ÷ stroke volume
Stroke volume = cardiac output ÷ heart rate

 Cardiac output is measured in cm3 min-1

 Heart rate is measured in beats per min (bpm)
 Stroke volume is measured in cm3

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 Worked Example 1
A woman took 1.2 seconds to complete a single cardiac cycle. The stroke
volume of her heart was measured at 75 cm3. Calculate the cardiac output

 Find the heart rate

One cardiac cycle takes 1.2 seconds
To find the number of cardiac cycles completed in a minute, multiply by 60

60 x 1.2 = 72 bpm

Cardiac output = 72 x 75 = 5,400 cm3

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 Worked Example 2
A woman took 0.833 seconds to complete a single cardiac cycle. The stroke
volume of her heart was measured at 75cm3. Calculate the cardiac output.
Give your answer in dm3
 Find the heart rate
One cardiac cycle takes 0.833 seconds
To find the number of cardiac cycles completed in a minute, divide by 60

60 ÷ 0.833 = 72 bpm

Cardiac output = 72 x 75 = 5,400 cm3

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 Worked Example 2

 Step 3: convert to dm3

1000 cm3 = 1 dm3
Cardiac output = 5400 ÷ 1000
= 5.40 dm3

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 Worked Example 3
An athlete runs a 10 km marathon race, after which his heart was measured
at 110 bpm and his cardiac output was determined to be 9,800 cm 3.
Calculate the stroke volume after the race.
Stroke volume = cardiac output ÷ heart rate
Stroke volume = 9,800 ÷ 110
= 89.1cm3

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 Key Terms
Cardiac cycle: A complete heartbeat from the generation of the beat to the
beginning of the next beat
Pericardium: A fibrous membrane that surrounds and protects the heart
Myocardium: The middle and thickest layer of the heart wall, composed of
cardiac muscle.
Atria: Two top chambers of the heart
Ventricle: Two bottom chambers of the heart
Vena cava: A large vein carrying deoxygenated blood into the heart

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 Key Terms
Atrioventricular valve: The structure found between the atrial and
ventricular chambers of the heart to prevent back flow
Septum: The dividing wall between the right and left sides of the heart
Sinoatrial node (SAN): A patch of tissue found in the right atrium that
generates the electrical activity and initiates a wave of excitation at regular
intervals
Bundle of His: A collection heart muscle cells specialised for electrical
conduction
Purkinje fibres: Specialised conducting fibres found in the heart

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 Cardiac cycle
 It takes about 0.8 seconds for one cardiac cycle to complete
 At a relaxed state, both atria are filled with blood from the pulmonary vein
and vena cava (atrial diastole)
 When atria contracts, atrioventricular valves opens and blood flows into the
ventricles (ventricular diastole)
 The AV valves closes when there is increased pressure in the ventricles
 The ventricle walls contracts to increase pressure which forces the semi lunar
valve to open and allow blood to flow into the pulmonary artery and aorta
 Increased pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery makes the semi lunar
valve to close
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 In class assessment
 Briefly describe the cardiac cycle. Ensure to mention
the action of the valves
 Why is the sinoatrial node called a pacemaker?
 Explain why the ventricle contract from the apex
upwards

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 Electrocardiograms (ECG)
 It is used to monitor the electrical activities that are generated by
the heart
 This electrical activity is converted into trace by sensors attached
to the skin
Normal Abnormal

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 Electrocardiograms (ECG)

A healthy heart race consists of

 Series of waves
 It has a particular shape
 The waves are P,Q,R,S,T

…what is an arrhythmia?

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 Electrocardiograms (ECG)
 Wave P shows excitation of the atria when the begin to contract (atrial
systole)
 Wave QRS indicates excitation of the ventricle when they begin to
contract (ventricular systole)
 Wave T shows diastole, when the heart chambers are relaxing

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 Electrocardiograms (ECG)
 Tachycardia: a condition where the heart beats fast
 Bradycardia: a condition where the heart rate is very slow
 Ventricular fibrillation: a serious condition where the heart rate
cannot be controlled or coordinated
 Sinus arrhythmia: a normal condition in the beating of the heart

…what does flat line mean in ECG?

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 Factors that increase CVD
 Genetics
 Age
 Gender
 Diet
 High blood pressure
 Smoking
 Inactivity

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 Factors that increase CVD

https://www.skillstat.com/tools/ecg-simulator/#/-home

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thank you