CONSUMER

AND
INDUSTRIAL
CHEMISTRY
By : Teacher Faridah
 5.1. OILS AND FATS
What are oils
and fats?

Found in
Oils and fats are esters produced through the reaction meat and
butter
vetween fatty acids and glycerol (propan-1,2,3-triol)

Fats exists in a solid form.

Can be obtained Fats in liquid form are
from plants such as known as oils.
palm oil, coconut
oil and soybean oil
 5.1. OILS AND FATS
Esterification reaction Stearic acid
Example of fatty acid
Linoleic acid
The parts of hydrocarbon
chains in fatty acids and
Palmitic acid
fats

Differences between oils and fats

 5.1. OILS AND FATS
Saturated
Fats Only have a single
Fats that contain covalent bond in the
saturated fatty acid
carbon chain

Palmiti Lauric Staeric Unsaturated

c acid acid acid Have at least one fats
double bond in the Fats that contain
carbon chain unsaturated fatty acid

Oleic Linoleic Linolenic

acid acid acid
5.1. OILS AND FATS Conversion of unsaturated fats to
saturated fats

Oils consists of Saturated fats

converted Hydrogenation reaction
unsaturated fats

Hydrogen gas, H2 is passed into hot oil with

the presence of nickel, Ni as a catalyst
The addition of hydrogen
Increase in the The double bond in the carbon
atoms to the carbon chain
melting and chain“opened” and the hydrogen
causes the molecular mass to
boiling points atoms, H are added to the carbon
increase
chain
This explains margarine
exists in a solid form at room
temperature, even though it is
produced from oil
 5.1. OILS AND FATS
Uses of oils and fats in life

Excessive intake in our diet can contribute The risk for arteriosclerosis or hardening of the
to heart related problems or obesity arteries is higher if excessive fat intakes from
animals or saturated fats
5.1. OILS AND FATS
 5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
Soaps are sodium and potassium fatty acids salts
produced from
Neutralisation reaction between fatty
acids and alkalis

Fatty acids are long-chain

carboxylic acids

roducts From natural esters in animal

us c le aning p
Vario fats or vegetable oils
Detergent
Soaps
R = alkyl group containing at least
8 carbon atoms, consists of
General formula is RCOO-Na+ or RCOO-K+ saturated or unsaturated
hydrocarbons
5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
Examples of soaps

Structural formula of sodium palmitate, CH 3(CH2)14COONa

 5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
Detergent are sodium salts of sulphonic acid

to make detergens
Alkyl sulphonic acid Alkylbenzene sulphonic
acid

f de te r ge nt in powder
Examples o
and liquid form Detergents are
usually made
from petroleum
fractions
5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
Two general groups of detergents with examples of structural formulae
 5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
Soaps can be prepared from natural Preparation of soaps
sources through hydrolysis of oils or
fats in sodium hydroxide, NaOH or
potassium hydroxide, KOH Saponification raction

Natural esters: Triglycerides Oil/ Fat + concentrated alkali→ Soap + Glyserol

General equation of saponifacation reaction

 5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
Preparation of Detergents

Sulphonation Detergents
/ sulphation
Produced through Made from petroleum fraction and

Neutralisation
sulphuric acid, H2SO4

a Preparation of Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulphonate

 5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
a Preparation of Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulphonate

b Preparation of Sodium Alkyl Sulphate

 5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
b Preparation of Sodium Alkyl Sulphate
 5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
Tindakan Pencucian Sabun dan Detergen

se
Soaps dan detergents
bacau soap and detergent
Emulsifying agents molecules are soluble in oil
or grease and water

Sodium ion, Na+ atau

h n
eSoap Potassium ion, K+
W and detergent Dissolved in water Soap or detergent
molecules dissolve Soap anion or
detergent anion
 5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
Simple structure of soap anion or
detergent anion

Examples of equations for ionisation of soap and detergent and structural formula for each
cleaning agent:
 5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
Cleansing action of soap and detergent

3
1
5.2. CLEANING AGENTS

5 4

6
 5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
Comparison of cleansing action of soap and
detergent
Hard water is water
containing Calcium
Soap anions combine with the ion, Ca2+ and
cations ( Ca2+ and Mg2+) to form Magnesium ion, Mg2+
insoluble salts called scum.

Formation of scum in the river

The formation of scum causes wastage of
soap because more soap will be needed for
cleansing action
5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
Comparison of cleansing action of soap and
detergent

Detergent anions also combine with

the cations Ca2+ ion dan Mg2+ ion to
form soluble salts in water.

The effectiveness of
detergents
cleansing action is
not affected by hard
water
5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
Comparison of cleansing action of soap and
detergent
5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
Additives in detergents
5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
5.3. FOOD ADDITIVES
What are food additives?

Natural or synthetic
ingredients added to
food to prevent
damage or to Food Act 1983 and
improve the Food Regulations
appearance, taste or 1985 enforced by
texture the Ministry of
Health
5.3. FOOD ADDITIVES
Types of food additives
5.3. FOOD ADDITIVES
Types of food additives
5.3. FOOD ADDITIVES
Types of food additives
5.3. FOOD ADDITIVES
Types of food additives
5.3. FOOD ADDITIVES
Justification for food additives
5.3. FOOD ADDITIVES
Types of food additives
5.4. MEDICINES AND COSMETICS
What are medicines?

Traditional
Medicines are chemicals
medicines
used to help with the
treatment or prevention of
Modern diseases
medicines
Medicines are
safe if taken
properly
 5.4. MEDICINES AND COSMETICS
Obtained from herbal plants
Obtained from herbal plants
or animals and are not
or animals and are not
chemically processed
chemically processed

Traditional
medicines
Prepared by crushing certain
Prepared
parts by crushing
of the certain
plants using
parts of the plants using
pestle and mortar and
pestle and mortar and
rubbing on sore limbs
rubbing on sore limbs

Examples of plants usually used as traditional medicines in M

5.4. MEDICINES AND COSMETICS
Types of modern medecines
Modern
Modern
Medicines
Medicines

Analgesics
Analgesics Psychoticdrugs
drugs Corticosteroids
Psychotic Corticosteroids

Antimicrobials
Antimicrobials Antiallergies
Anti allergies
5.4. MEDICINES AND COSMETICS
5.4. MEDICINES AND COSMETICS
5.4. MEDICINES AND COSMETICS
5.4. MEDICINES AND COSMETICS
Effectiveness and Abuse or Misuse of
Medicines

Antibiotics
Resistance of antibiotics

Herbal based traditional medicines

Liver and kidney failure

Codeine
Addiction
5.4. MEDICINES AND COSMETICS
Cosmetics
What is meant by
cosmetics?

Cosmetics are materials or products that

are used externally to cleanse, protect or
enhances one’s appearances
5.4. MEDICINES AND COSMETICS
Cosmetics
5.4. MEDICINES AND COSMETICS
Cosmetics

Types of cosmetics
5.4. MEDICINES AND COSMETICS
Usage of cosmetics in everyday
life
5.4. MEDICINES AND COSMETICS
Usage of cosmetics in everyday
life
5.4. MEDICINES AND COSMETICS
 5.5. NANOSCIENCES AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Understanding a certain Desire to see
structure at a tiny scale something extremely
with the advancement in small has always been
current scientific researches major drive in
has enable us to manipulate scientific research.
Among the studies on tiny the properties of substances
structures, there are those to produce materials with
that relate to nanoparticles, the desired properties.
namely graphene sheets and
gold nanoparticles that have
contributed to the rapid
development of nanoscience
and nanotechnology.
 5.5. NANOSCIENCES AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY

Nanoscience is a study on processing of What do you

substances at nanoscale that are
between 1 nanometre to 100 nanometres.
understand about
nanoscience and
Nanotechnology is a development of
nanotechnology?
substances or gadgets using the
properties of nanoparticles.
5.5. NANOSCIENCES AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
5.5. NANOSCIENCES AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
 5.5. NANOSCIENCES AND
Application of Nanotechnology in NANOTECHNOLOGY
Daily Life
Nanoparticles sizes,
In the cosmetics field, for
ranging from 1 to
example, the usage of
100 nanometers,
nanoparticles is able to
enable various
provide more satisfying
applications to be
outcomes as these extremely
invented due to its
small particles have the
extremely small size.
ability to easily penetrate
the skin even more.
Nanoparticles are able to
coat the surface more
evenly which makes them
the best coating agent.
5.5. NANOSCIENCES AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
5.5. NANOSCIENCES AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
 5.5. NANOSCIENCES AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Development in the field of The coverage of the field of
nanotechnology is very wide,
Nanotechnology crossing various disciplines,
including physics, chemistry,
As an example, a material that
biology, medicine and
has become one of the main
engineering. This contributes to
focuses is a carbon derivative
the rapid research and
that is known as graphene.
development on applications of
nanotechnology in various
Graphene is one of the carbon
aspects of life.
allotropes, other than diamond
and graphite, but has different
characteristics from the rest. The
Graphene sheets can be
size of graphene measures from
converted into other materials,
0.1 nm, which makes graphene
including graphites, carbon
among the most important
nanotubes and fullerene balls.
materials in nanosciences and
nanotechnology.
5.5. NANOSCIENCES AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Development in the field of
Nanotechnology

Arrangement of graphene sheets in graphite

 5.5. NANOSCIENCES AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Physical properties of
graphene

Graphene is an extraordinary material with various distinctive

characteristics that can be attributed to its physical properties
 5.5. NANOSCIENCES AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Chemical properties of
graphene
Graphene sheets burn at a
lower temperature than
graphite. Graphene is the
most reactive carbon
allotropes.
Researchers are still studying in
detail the chemical reactions of
graphene due to the relatively
new discover and isolation of
graphene. Nonetheless, a few
compounds have successfully
been synthesised, namely,
graphene oxide that is used as a
catalyst.
5.5. NANOSCIENCES AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Uses of graphene
5.5. NANOSCIENCES AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
5.5. NANOSCIENCES AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
5.6. APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN
INDUSRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Development of Green
Technology

Development
Green technology is a technology or application of Green
developed to minimise the negative effects of Technology?
harmful human activities

In applications involving manufacturing of products or services, the

use of technology with enviromentally friendly approaches is
adopted starting from the utilisation and management of resources to
waste management.
5.6. APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN
INDUSRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Development of Green
Technology
5.6. APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN
INDUSRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Green Technology in Waste and
Wastewater Management

Why green Ensuring more

moreefficient
efficientwaste
wastemanagement,
management,reducing
reducing
technology is Ensuring
ingreenhouse
in greenhouseemission
emission
used in waste
and wastewater
management?
Removalof
Removal ofcleaner
cleanerwastewater
wastewater

Carbon footprints
Carbon footprintscan
canbe
beindirectly
indirectlyreduced
reducedand
and
various alternative
various alternativemethods
methodsininmanaging
managingwaste
wasteand
and
waswater
waswater
5.6. APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN
INDUSRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Green Technology in Waste and
Wastewater Management
5.6. APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN
INDUSRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Waste Management

• Rapid developments and growth in population have contributed to large

quantities of generated solid waste or rubbish. If not properly managed,
the quality of life and public health will be affected.

• Waste management does not only involve local authorities, but all
communities also need to play a role in ensuring the effectiveness of
waste management, especially solid waste.
5.6. APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN
INDUSRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Waste Management
5.6. APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN
INDUSRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Wastewater Management

Domestic water

A liquid waste that consists Stormwater runoff

of human waste, oil and
chemicals. Wastewater can be
divided into:
Industrial wastewater
May contain acrylonitrile, methylbenzene,
toluene and heavy metals sych as arsenic,
mercury and lead.

These hazardous chemicals are difficult to decompose biologically and require more systematic
treatments so that they will not pollute the environment nor affect human health.
5.6. APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN
INDUSRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Landfill Leachate Treatment
Method
Using the electrolysis
principle

Known as
Green technology approach electrocoagulation process
that can be used to treat Carbon or copper
wastewater, incuding electrodes are used while
industrial wastewater wastewater is the
electrolyte

Pollutants will form flocs and can be isolated

from water and then removed as sludge

After proper treatment, sludge can be used as fertilisers for the agricultural sector or disposed of
by appropriate methods depending on the composition of the materials contained sludge.
5.6. APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN
INDUSRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

Wastewater treatment process

5.6. APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN
INDUSRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Green technology has trailblazed a new chapter in the field of technology with more
environmentally friendly approaches without neglecting the original purpose of technology.

This development contributes to the economic sector of the country through the
creation of new industrials sectors and employment opportunities based on Green
Technology.
5.6. APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN
INDUSRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

The pollution of Kim Kim River in 2019 was caused by

the discharge of untreated industrial wastewater into the
river
5.6. APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN
INDUSRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
5.6. APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN
INDUSRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
ACHIEVEMENT TEST
ACHIEVEMENT TEST
ACHIEVEMENT TEST
ACHIEVEMENT TEST
ACHIEVEMENT TEST
THE END