CONSUMER

AND
INDUSTRIAL
CHEMISTRY
 5.1. OILS AND FATS
What
What are
are oils
oils
and
and fats?
fats?

Found in
Oils and fats are esters produced through the reaction meat and
butter
vetween fatty acids and glycerol (propan-1,2,3-triol)

Can be obtained
from plants such as
palm oil, coconut
oil and soybean oil
 5.1. OILS AND FATS
Esterification reaction Stearic acid
Example of fatty acid
Linoleic acid
The parts
The parts of
of hydrocarbon
hydrocarbon
chains in
chains in fatty
fatty acids
acids and
and Palmitic acid
fats
fats

Differences between oils and fats

 5.1. OILS AND FATS
Saturated
Fats Only have a single
Fats that contain covalent bond in the
saturated fatty acid carbon chain

Palmit Lauric Staeri

ic acid acid c acid Unsaturated
Have at least one fats
double bond in the Fats that contain
carbon chain unsaturated fatty acid

Oleic Linolei Linoleni

acid c acid c acid
5.1. OILS AND FATS Conversion of unsaturated fats to
saturated fats

Oils consists of Saturated fats Hydrogenation

converted
converted Hydrogenation reaction
reaction
unsaturated fats

The addition
The addition of
of hydrogen
hydrogen
Increase in
Increase in the
the
atoms to
atoms to the
the carbon
carbon chain
chain
melting and
melting and
causes the
causes the molecular
molecular mass
mass to
to
boiling points
boiling points
increase
increase

This explains margarine

exists in a solid form at room
temperature, even though it is
produced from oil
 5.1. OILS AND FATS
Uses of oils and fats in life

Excessive intake in our diet can contribute The risk for arteriosclerosis or hardening of the
to heart related problems or obesity arteries is higher if excessive fat intakes from
animals or saturated fats
5.1. OILS AND FATS
 5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
Soaps are sodium and potassium fatty acids salts
produced from
Neutralisation reaction between fatty
acids and alkalis

Fatty acids are long-chain

carboxylic acids
From natural esters in animal
fats or vegetable oils

R = alkyl group containing at least

8 carbon atoms, consists of
General formula is RCOO-Na+ or RCOO-K+ saturated or unsaturated
hydrocarbons
5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
Examples of soaps

Structural formula of sodium palmitate, CH 3(CH2)14COONa

5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
Detergent are sodium salts of sulphonic acid

Alkyl sulphonic acid Alkylbenzene sulphonic

acid

Detergents are
usually made
from petroleum
fractions
5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
Two general groups of detergents with examples of structural formulae
 5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
Soaps can be prepared from natural Preparation of soaps
sources through hydrolysis of oils or
fats in sodium hydroxide, NaOH or
potassium hydroxide, KOH Saponification raction
Saponification raction

Oil/ Fat
Oil/ Fat ++ concentrated
concentrated alkali→
alkali→ Soap
Soap ++ Glyserol
Glyserol
Natural esters: Triglycerides

General equation of saponifacation reaction

 5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
Preparation of Detergents

Detergents
Detergents
Sulphonation
/ sulphation
Produced through Made from petroleum fraction and
Neutralisation
sulphuric acid, H22SO44

aa Preparation of Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulphonate

 5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
aa Preparation of Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulphonate

bb Preparation of Sodium Alkyl Sulphate

 5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
bb Preparation of Sodium Alkyl Sulphate
 5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
Tindakan Pencucian Sabun dan Detergen

se
Soaps dan detergents
bacau soap and detergent
Emulsifying agents molecules are soluble in oil
or grease and water

Sodium ion, Na+ atau

hen and detergent Potassium ion, K+
W Soap Dissolved
Dissolved in
in water
water Soap or detergent
molecules dissolve Soap anion or
detergent anion
 5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
Simple structure of soap anion or
detergent anion

Examples of equations for ionisation of soap and detergent and structural formula for each
cleaning agent:
 5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
Cleansing action of soap and detergent

22

33
11
5.2. CLEANING AGENTS

55 44

66
 5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
Comparison of cleansing action of soap and
detergent
Hard water is water
containing Calcium
Soap
Soap anions
anions combine
combine with
with thethe ion, Ca2+ and
cations
cations (( Ca
Ca2+2+ and
and Mg
Mg2+2+)) to
to form
form Magnesium ion, Mg2+
insoluble
insoluble salts
salts called
called scum
scum..

Formation of scum in the river

The
The formation
formation of
of scum
scum causes
causes wastage
wastage of
of
soap
soap because
because more
more soap
soap will
will be
be needed
needed for
for
cleansing
cleansing action
action
5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
Comparison of cleansing action of soap and
detergent

Detergent
Detergent anions
anions also
also combine
combine withwith
the
the cations
cations Ca
Ca ion
2+
2+
ion dan
dan MgMg ion
2+
2+
ion to
to
form
form soluble
soluble salts
salts in
in water
water..

The effectiveness of
detergents
cleansing action is
not affected by hard
water
5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
Comparison of cleansing action of soap and
detergent
5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
5.2. CLEANING AGENTS
5.3. FOOD ADDITIVES
What are food additives?

Natural or synthetic
ingredients added to
food to prevent
damage or to Food
Food Act
Act 1983
1983
improve the and
and Food
Food
appearance, taste or Regulations
Regulations 1985
1985
texture enforced
enforced byby the
the
Ministry
Ministry of
of Health
Health
5.3. FOOD ADDITIVES
Types of food additives
5.3. FOOD ADDITIVES
Types of food additives
5.3. FOOD ADDITIVES
Types of food additives
5.3. FOOD ADDITIVES
Types of food additives
5.3. FOOD ADDITIVES
Justification for food additives
5.3. FOOD ADDITIVES
Types of food additives
5.4. MEDICINES AND COSMETICS
What are medicines?

Traditional
Medicines are chemicals
medicines
used to help with the
treatment or prevention of
Modern diseases
medicines
Medicines are
safe if taken
properly
5.4. MEDICINES AND COSMETICS

Obtained from herbal plants

Obtained from herbal plants
or animals and are not
or animals and are not
chemically processed
chemically processed

Traditional
medicines

Prepared by crushing certain

Prepared by crushing certain
parts of the plants using
parts of the plants using
pestle and mortar and
pestle and mortar and
rubbing on sore limbs
rubbing on sore limbs
5.4. MEDICINES AND COSMETICS

Modern
Modern
Medicines
Medicines

Analgesics
Analgesics Psychoticdrugs
Psychotic drugs Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids

Antimicrobials
Antimicrobials Antiallergies
Anti allergies
5.4. MEDICINES AND COSMETICS
5.4. MEDICINES AND COSMETICS
5.4. MEDICINES AND COSMETICS
5.4. MEDICINES AND COSMETICS
Effectiveness and Abuse or Misuse of
Medicines

Antibiotics
Resistance of antibiotics

Herbal based traditional medicines

Liver and kidney failure

Codeine
Addiction
5.4. MEDICINES AND COSMETICS
Cosmetics
What is meant by
cosmetics?

Cosmetics are
Cosmetics are materials
materials or
or products
products that
that
are used
are used externally
externally to
to cleanse,
cleanse, protect
protect or
or
enhances one’s
enhances one’s appearances
appearances
5.4. MEDICINES AND COSMETICS
Cosmetics
5.4. MEDICINES AND COSMETICS
Cosmetics
5.4. MEDICINES AND COSMETICS
Usage of cosmetics in everyday
life
5.4. MEDICINES AND COSMETICS
Usage of cosmetics in everyday
life
5.4. MEDICINES AND COSMETICS
 5.5. NANOSCIENCES AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Understanding a certain Desire to see
structure at a tiny scale something extremely
with the advancement in small has always been
current scientific researches major drive in
has enable us to manipulate scientific research.
Among the studies on tiny the properties of substances
structures, there are those to produce materials with
that relate to nanoparticles, the desired properties.
namely graphene sheets and
gold nanoparticles that have
contributed to the rapid
development of nanoscience
and nanotechnology.
 5.5. NANOSCIENCES AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanoscience is a study on processing
of substances at nanoscale that are What do you
between 1 nanometre to 100 understand about
nanometres. nanoscience and
Nanotechnology is a development of
nanotechnology?
substances or gadgets using the
properties of nanoparticles.
5.5. NANOSCIENCES AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
5.5. NANOSCIENCES AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
 5.5. NANOSCIENCES AND
Application of Nanotechnology in NANOTECHNOLOGY
Daily Life
Nanoparticles sizes,
In the cosmetics field, for
ranging from 1 to
example, the usage of
100 nanometers,
nanoparticles is able to
enable various
provide more satisfying
applications to be
outcomes as these extremely
invented due to its
small particles have the
extremely small size.
ability to easily penetrate
the skin even more.
Nanoparticles are able to
coat the surface more
evenly which makes them
the best coating agent.
5.5. NANOSCIENCES AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
5.5. NANOSCIENCES AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
 5.5. NANOSCIENCES AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Development in the field of The coverage of the field of
nanotechnology is very wide,
Nanotechnology crossing various disciplines,
including physics, chemistry,
As an example, a material that
biology, medicine and
has become one of the main
engineering. This contributes to
focuses is a carbon derivative
the rapid research and
that is known as graphene.
development on applications of
nanotechnology in various
Graphene is one of the carbon
aspects of life.
allotropes, other than diamond
and graphite, but has different
characteristics from the rest. The
Graphene sheets can be
size of graphene measures from
converted into other materials,
0.1 nm, which makes graphene
including graphites, carbon
among the most important
nanotubes and fullerene balls.
materials in nanosciences and
nanotechnology.
5.5. NANOSCIENCES AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Development in the field of
Nanotechnology

Arrangement of graphene sheets in graphite

 5.5. NANOSCIENCES AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Physical properties of
graphene
Graphene is
Graphene is an
an extraordinary
extraordinary material
material with
with various
various distinctive
distinctive
characteristics that
characteristics that can
can be
be attributed
attributed to
to its
its physical
physical properties
properties
 5.5. NANOSCIENCES AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Chemical properties of
graphene

Researchers are still studying in detail

Graphene sheets burn at a lower
temperature than graphite.
Graphene is the most reactive
carbon allotropes.
the chemical reactions of graphene
due to the relatively new discover and
isolation of graphene. Nonetheless, a
few compounds have successfully
been synthesised, namely, graphene
oxide that is used as a catalyst.
5.5. NANOSCIENCES AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Uses of graphene
5.5. NANOSCIENCES AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
5.5. NANOSCIENCES AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
5.6. APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN
INDUSRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Development of Green
Technology

Green technology is a technology or application

developed to minimise the negative effects of
harmful human activities

In applications involving manufacturing of products or services, the

use of technology with enviromentally friendly approaches is
adopted starting from the utilisation and management of resources to
waste management.
5.6. APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN
INDUSRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Development of Green
Technology
5.6. APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN
INDUSRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Green Technology in Waste and
Wastewater Management

Ensuring more efficient waste management, reducing in

Ensuring more efficient waste management, reducing in
greenhouse emission
greenhouse emission

Removal of cleaner wastewater

Removal of cleaner wastewater

Carbon footprints can be indirectly reduced and various

Carbon footprints can be indirectly reduced and various
alternative methods in managing waste and waswater
alternative methods in managing waste and waswater
5.6. APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN
INDUSRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Green Technology in Waste and
Wastewater Management
5.6. APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN
INDUSRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Waste Management

• Rapid developments and growth in population have contributed to large

quantities of generated solid waste or rubbish. If not properly managed, the
quality of life and public health will be affected.

• Waste management does not only involve local authorities, but all
communities also need to play a role in ensuring the effectiveness of waste
management, especially solid waste.
5.6. APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN
INDUSRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Waste Management
5.6. APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN
INDUSRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Wastewater Management

A liquid waste that
consists of human waste,
oil and chemicals.
Wastewater can be
divided into:
Domestic water
Stormwater runoff
Industrial wastewater
May contain acrylonitrile, methylbenzene,
toluene and heavy metals sych as arsenic,
mercury and lead.

These hazardous chemicals are difficult to decompose biologically and require more systematic
treatments so that they will not pollute the environment nor affect human health.
5.6. APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN
INDUSRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Landfill Leachate Treatment
Method
Using the electrolysis
principle
Green technology
Known as
approach that can be used electrocoagulation process
to treat wastewater,
Carbon or copper
incuding industrial electrodes are used while
wastewater wastewater is the
electrolyte

Pollutants will form flocs and can be isolated

from water and then removed as sludge

After proper treatment, sludge can be used as fertilisers for the agricultural sector or disposed of
by appropriate methods depending on the composition of the materials contained sludge.
5.6. APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN
INDUSRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
5.6. APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN
INDUSRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Green technology has trailblazed a new chapter in the field of technology with more
environmentally friendly approaches without neglecting the original purpose of technology.

This development contributes to the economic sector of the country through the
creation of new industrials sectors and employment opportunities based on Green
Technology.
5.6. APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN
INDUSRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

The pollution
The pollution of
of Kim
Kim Kim
Kim River
River in
in 2019
2019 was
was caused
caused byby
the discharge
the discharge of
of untreated
untreated industrial
industrial wastewater
wastewater into
into the
the
river
river
5.6. APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN
INDUSRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
5.6. APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN
INDUSRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
ACHIEVEMENT TEST
ACHIEVEMENT TEST
ACHIEVEMENT TEST
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