3 versions of

CAVITE MUTINY
 I. Authors
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Dr. Trinidad Hermenegildo Jose Maria Juan
Francisco Pardo de Tavera y Gorricho.
•Born: April 13, 1857 in Escolta, Manila
•Died: March 26, 1925 (aged 68)
•Nationality: Filipino
• He served as a member of Taft’s
Philippine Commission and founded the
Federal Party.
• Parents:
-Felix Pardo de Tavera (father)
-Juliana Gorricho de Pardo de Tavera
(mother)
• Brother:
- Joaquin Pardo de Tavera
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
• Ateneo Municipal de Manila
• Colegio de San Juan de Letran
• University of Santo Tomas
• University of Paris
 PROFESSIONAL
BACKGROUND
• Writer
• Physician
• Naturalist
• Historian
Governor General Rafael Izquierdo y
Gutierrez
• Born: September 30, 1820 in Santander ,
Spain
• Died: November 9, 1883 (aged 63)
• Nationality: Spanish
• Known for: Governor General of the
Philippines from April 4, 1871 – January 8,
1873
• Parents:
- Antonio Izquierdo del Monte (father)
- Antonia Guiterrez de la Camara (mother)
• Famous for: use of “Iron Fist” type of
government
• He is also acted as Governor-General of Puerto
Rico from March 1862 to April 1862.
 EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
• Entering as a cadet in the regiment of
infantry of Gerona, Rafael Izquierdo reached
the military rank of captain by the age of 17
when he participated in the First Carlist War
in Navarre.
PROFESSIONAL BACKGROUND
•Military Officer
•Politician
•Statesman
•Lieutenant Colonel
Jose Montero y Vidal
• Born: January 28, 1851 in Andalusian town of
Gergal
• Nationality: Spanish
• Wife: Carolina Marin-Baldo Burgueros
• Children: - Carlos
- Josefina Catalina
- Maria
- Victoria
• Second Wife: Mary Catherine Blanche Margaret
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

•As a young man he went to Madrid

to study jurisprudence
PROFESSIONAL BACKGROUND
• Work as a employee of the Ministry of Development
and Overseas.
• From 1868 he began his career as a State official in
the overseas colonies, occupying a wide variety of
positions from tobacco maker and accountant to
postal administrator, finance and customs, reaching
positions of mayor, judge of first instance in 1875, civil
governor in various colonial provinces of the Spanish
Empire.
II. Historical Background of Primary
Source
• Filipino Version of Cavite Mutiny
-purpose of writing is to disseminate the
significant events that happened during the Cavite
Mutiny that is focused on the side of the Filipinos making
the Filipinos look like the only victims during this event.
II. Historical Background of Primary
Source
• Official Report of Cavite Mutiny
Rafael Izquierdo was a historians have identified his term in
rather negative terms, in order to restore peace, he took serve, even
unjust measures. On Jan. 18, 1871, he received appointment as
Governor General of the Philippines, where he arrived four months
later. He could not hide his negative first impression of the country,
and he wrote to a friend that it would take an entire book were he to
describe the ills he had uncovered. This version implicated the native
clergy, who were then active in the movement toward secularization
of parishes.
II. Historical Background of Primary
Source
• Spanish Version of Cavite Mutiny
- the documentation of this version centered on how the event was an
attempt in overthrowing the Spanish government in the Philippines. Although
regarded as a historian, Vidal’s account of the mutiny was criticized as
woefully biased. The oblation of privileges enjoyed by the laborers of the
Cavite arsenal of exemption from the tribute was, according to some, the
cause of the insurrection. The Spanish revolution which over threw a secular
throne; the propaganda carried on by an unbridled press against monarchical
principles, attentatory of the most sacred respects towards the dethroned
majestry.
III. Content
Filipino Version of the Cavite Mutiny of
1872
• The Filipino version of the bloody incident of Cavite in 1872 was written by Dr.
Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, Filipino scholar, scientist, and historical researcher.
According to him, this incident was merely a mutiny by the native Filipino soldiers
and laborers of the Cavite arsenal against the harsh policy of despotic Governor
and Captain-General Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-1873) which abolished their old-
time privileges of exemption from paying the annual tribute and from rendering
the polo (forced labor). The loss of these privileges was naturally resented by the
soldiers and laborers. Some of them, impelled by volcanic wrath, rose in arms on
the night of January 20, 1872, and killed the commanding officer of the Cavite
arsenal and other Spanish officers. This was easily suppressed by the Spanish
troops which were rushed from Manila. This turbulent Cavite incident, which was
magnified by the Spanish officials and friars into a revolt for Philippine
independence, is narrated by Padro de Tavera.
Polo y Servicio
-A system of forced labor for 40
days for men ranging from 16 to 60
years of age who were obligated to
give personal services to
community projects. One could be
exempted from polo by paying the
falla (corruption of the Spabish
Falta, meaning “absence”) daily.
 Official Report of Governor Izquierdo on
the Cavite Munity of 1872
• Governor General Rafael Izquierdo reported to the
Spanish Minister of War, dated Manila, January 23,
1872, blaming the Cavite Mutiny on the native clergy,
some local residents, intellectuals, and even El Eco
Filipino, a Madrid-based reformist newspaper.
Significantly, he calls the military mutiny an
“insurrection”, an “uprising”, and a “revolution”.
 El Eco Filipino
• This was a fortnightly periodical and was established by a Spanish
brother-in-law of Jose Maria Basa, in Madrid in 1871, with Manuel
Regidor, brother of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor y Jurado, as editor. It
should be noted that Manuel Regidor wrote under his pen-name the
rare and valuable book entitled Islas Filipinas (1869), which Dr. Rizal
highly praised because of its bold expose of the defects of Spanish
rule in the Philippines and the urgent necessity for reforms to remedy
them. The motto of the El Eco Filipino was: “Spain in the Phillipines,
The Philippines with Spain.”
 Gomburza

Father Jose Burgos Father Mariano Gomez Father Jacinto Zamora

• Father Mariano Gomez
was an old man in his mid-70’s. A pure-blood Tagalog,
born in Cavite.
• Father Jose Burgos
- he was a parish priest of the Manila Cathedral and had
been known to be close to the liberal Governor General de la
Torre. A half-blood Spaniard.
• Father Jacinto Zamora
- was a half-blood chinaman, born in the Philippines. He
was parish priest of Marikina.
The Court-Martial Decision on Gom-Bur-
Za
(Manila, February 15, 1872)
Spanish Version of the Cavite Mutiny of
1872
• The Spanish version of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was written by the
Spanish historian, Jose Montero y Vidal, in his book entitled Historia
General de Filipinas (Madrid, 1895, Vol. III, pp.586-595.) This narrative
of Montore y Vidal, normally a good Historian, was so woefully biased
that Dr. T.H. Pardo de Tavera commented that he, “in narrating the
Cavite episode, does not speak as a historian; he speaks as a Spaniard
bent on preventing the facts at his pleasure; he is mischievously
partial. Unsupported by positive documentary evidence, this Spanish
rule- a seditious movement – and involved the innocent Filipino
patriotic leaders including Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora, Jose
Ma. Basa, Antonio Ma. Regidor, Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, and others.
IV. Contribution of the Primary Source
• It is well to remember that the seeds of nationalism that was sown in
Cavite blossomed to the Philippine Revolution and later to the
Declaration of Independence by Emilio Aguinaldo which took place in
Cavite.
• Remarkable event during 19th century in the Philippines.
• The 1872 Cavite Mutiny bolstered the stereotypical belief that Caviteńo
were the most courageous.
• The event inspired Filipino patriots to call for reforms and eventually
independence.
• There may be different versions of the event, but one thing is certain,
the 1872 Cavite Mutiny paved away for momentous 1898.
 V. Relevance of the Primary Source
• Mutiny, any overt act of defiance or attack upon military
authority by two or more persons subject to such authority.
The term is occasionally used to describe nonmilitary instances
of defiance or attack. Mutiny should be distinguished from
revolt or rebellion, which involve a more widespread defiance
and which generally have a political objective. In this three
views many colonial troops and laborers rose up in the belief
that it would elevate to a national uprising. Many people
believe that the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was the beginning of
Filipino nationalism that would eventually lead to the
Philippine Revolution of 1896.