MANUFACTURING

PROCESSES
- No crude oil provide products in
proportions and qualities of market
requirements

- conventional products:
Gases- gasoline- kerosene- gas oil- diesel
fuel- lubricating oil- fuel oil- wax- bitumen
 MANUFACTURING
PROCESSES
• 1- separation processes

• 2- Conversion processes

• 3- Treating processes
 separation processes -1
is the transform of a mixture of a
substance into two or more
compositionally-distinct products

Based on differences in physical

properties of hydrocarbons
 separation processes -1
NO CHANGE IN STRUCTURE
NO NEW COMPOUNDS ARE FORMED

• Distillation

• Absorption

• Solvent extraction
 separation processes -1
• Distillation and Absorption separate the
hydrocarbon acc. to the size of
molecule

• Solvent extraction separate the

hydrocarbon acc. to the type (ie.
Paraffin from aromatic)
 Conversion processes -2

• Involve a change in hydrocarbon

structure.

• Convert products (surplus) into bigger

demand compounds
 Conversion processes -2

• EXAMPLES
• Thermal and catalytic cracking
• Thermal and catalytic reforming
• Polymerization
• Alkylation
• Isomerization
 3- Treating processes

• Treating removes impurities or change

them to something harmless

• Improving:

• Color
• Odor
• Stability in storage
 An example of integrated processes

Long
residue

short
residue
 Utilities and other requirements
• High and low pressure steam
• Electricity
• Cooling water
• Processing water
• Fuel
• Compressed air
• Safety systems are required
• Tanks for storage
• Lines
• Pumps
• Road
• laboratories
 MANUFACTURING
PROCESSES
• 1- separation processes

• A) Distillation

• Distillation is a method of separating chemical

substances based on differences in their volatilities in a
boiling liquid mixture.

•
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
• BOILING POINT:
• The boiling point of a liquid is the
temperature at which the vapor pressure
of the liquid equals the environmental
pressure surrounding the liquid

• VOLATILITY:

Tendency of a substance to evaporate

 VOLATILITY
and
BOILING POINT
• The larger the molecules --- The lower the
volatility

• The higher the Bp --- The lower the volatility

 Boiling Theory
• 1-Liquid heated -- molecules energy increases

• 2- molecules pass from liquid surface to space

• 3- more heat rises temp. – more molecules pass into

vapor state

• 4- surrounding pressure, (SP) Restrict vap. Formatn

• 5- Vapor pres. Increases until equal or higher SP

 Bp and B. range
• As P increase ---- Bp increase

• For pure components:

• Temp. remains constant during the

evaporation of all liquid.
Simple distillation
Fractional distillation
Simple Distillation PlantUncondensed
gas

Rectifying
section

Stripping
section
 Purpose of Reflux
• 1- To maintain a downward flow of
liquid

• 2- To control the temperature at the top

of the column.
 Purpose of side stripper
• 1- To improve the fractionation

• 2- To avoid using a much taller and

more expensive column
 Purpose of reboiler
• 1- to control the temperature at the
bottom of the column
2- To maintain the temperature
throughout the column

• Purpose of Downcomer:
• To improve mass transfer between
liquid and vapor