TRANSPORT

PHENOMENA
ABDUR REHMAN
STUDENT ID:
6223000105
 SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MOMENTUM,
.1 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

INTRODUCTION OF ADVANCED BATTERIES

.2

THERMAL MANAGEMENT PROBLEM IN BATTERIES

CONTENTS PAGE .3

THERMAL ANALYSIS OF COOLING

.4 AND HEAT DISSIPATION
THERMAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
FOR ADVANCED LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES
INTRODUCTION OF ADVANCED BATTERIES

Lithium batteries are gaining popularity due to their higher power density and ability
to compete with internal combustion engine vehicles.

High heat generation occurs in high power-density batteries under fast and higher
charging/discharging conditions, affecting the battery’s performance, reliability,
service life, and safety.

However, effective thermal management of Li-ion batteries is crucial for their

performance and safe operation. Current cooling strategies have limitations, and
efforts are being made to find advanced methods. This presentation discusses studies
on advanced cooling strategies for battery thermal management in EVs, focusing on
cooling as an emerging technique.
Thermal management issues in lithium ion batteries

High battery temperatures also lead to capacity/power loss, self-discharge, short life
cycles, and autonomy losses. Ineffective thermal management can lead to overheating,
capacity fade, power reduction, and energy loss. High temperatures also create an
electrical imbalance, reducing energy production and causing overcharging of weak
cells.

To achieve desired performance and avoid thermal runaway, the Li-ion battery
temperature should be maintained within the permissible limit. Using a suitable
cooling strategy with excellent heat dissipation characteristics can address these
thermal issues.

Leaks can only occur in
liquid cooling systems, whose
pipe connections have risks of
leaks as the battery ages.
Climates around the globe pose
different thermal challenges for
batteries. Examples include leaving
the car under heavy sun for a long
time, or living in a place where
there are extremely low
temperatures in winter.

Corrosion can only occur

in liquid cooling systems, THERMAL MANAGEMENT
whose cold plates can CHALLENGES
corrode as the liquid
glycol gets older

Aging causes thermal

Clogging is a risk that is
present in the hundreds of
small channels where
liquid travels in the
battery.
management problems that
must be planned for. As
batteries get older, a larger
portion of energy is loss as
heat.
Battery Thermal Management with Conventional Cooling Strategies
DIRECT AIR COOLING
TECHNIQUE
Evaluation of CFD based Nusselt number on air cooling system

The computations results obtained on simulation under both laminar and turbulent
conditions are were used for estimating CFD based Nusselt number as per
procedure outlined below:
i) Nusselt number is calculated taking battery diameter (D) as characteristic
dimension

where h is the convective heat transfer coefficient, kf is the thermal

conductivity of air and d is the diameter of the battery cell.

ii) Thermal conductivity of air is determined at the mean air temperature

(Tfin+ Tfout)/2. For this purpose, Area weighted average air temperature is
determined at the inlet (Tfin) and outlet of the battery domain (Tfout) is
measured
iii) the unknown heat transfer coefficient (h) are calculated based on the
energy balance applied to battery module

Q =mf Cp(Tf;out --Tf;in)= hAs

The area As is the total surface area of the battery cells that dissipates heat
due to circulated air. Neglecting the heat dissipated from the top surface and
the bottom surface of the cell, the area As is calculated considering the
cylindrical surface area of the nine cells. Based on velocity of air considered
and inlet area of domain, mass flow rate of air (mf) are calculated. The
earlier measured air temperature is used to get heat transferred from battery
surfaces to cooling air.
The other unknown Tlm are determined by

Where Ts is the area weighted average surface temperature of the battery

cell.Once all variables involved is known, h is calculated and substituted to
get Nusselt number.
DIRECT AIR COOLING
TECHNIQUE
 DIRECT LIQUID COOLING

Direct liquid cooling in a battery thermal

management system is a method of cooling batteries
by directly circulating a liquid coolant in close
contact with the battery cells or modules to dissipate
excess heat.
DIRECT LIQUID COOLING
PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL
COOLING TECHNIQUE
Thermal simulation analysis of cooling and heat dissipation of lithium battery pack

THERMAL SIMULATION STEPS AND PRINCIPLE

1)Establish 3D model. In order to ensure that the model is not distorted, the 3D model of the cooling channel and the lithium
battery pack

2)Mesh the model.

Set the boundary conditions. After meshing is finished, the next step is to set the boundary conditions.
In addition, the following assumptions are made:
1) The battery is isotropic.
2) Ignore the convection and thermal radiation inside the battery.

The heat capacity of the battery is constant and independent of time.

According to the value of the Reynolds number, it is judged that the flow of the coolant is turbulent. The specific
calculation formula is as follows:
Heat is transferred between the battery pack and the cooling plate through thermal conduction. The energy
conservation equation of the battery pack is:

where ρ, C and T are the density, heat capacity and temperature of the lithium battery, respectively. k is the
thermal conductivity. Q is the heat generation rate.

The energy conservation equation of the cooling plate is:

where ρp, Cp ,Tp and kp are the density, heat capacity, temperature and thermal conductivity of the cooling plate,
respectively.

The outer surface of the lithium battery and the air form a convective boundary condition, and the
convective heat transfer equation.

where q, h and T0 denote the heat production rate per unit volume, the convective heat transfer coefficient and
the ambient temperature, respectively.
The energy conservation equation of coolant (water) is as follows:

where ρc, Cc ,Tc ,kc and v represent the mass density, heat capacity, temperature, thermal conductivity and velocity of the coolant
(water), respectively.

The continuity equation is as follows:

Assuming the fluid is incompressible and the density does not change with time, equation can be
transformed into:
The momentum equation of the coolant (water) is:

where P and are the static pressure and dynamic viscosity of the coolant (water), respectively
SUMMARY AND RECCOMENDATIONS

This review discusses advanced cooling strategies for battery thermal management systems in electric
vehicles (EVs). It focuses on air cooling and indirect liquid cooling, which were initially used but have
limitations due to their low thermal conductivity. Direct liquid cooling, on the other hand, has shown
superior ability to control the maximum temperature and temperature distribution of the battery compared to
air cooling. However, it faces challenges such as complex structure, larger energy consumption, heavier
overall weight, liquid leakage, and increased thermal resistance in the battery cell and coolant.

The review also highlights that air cooling is suitable only for battery thermal management with low heat
dissipation requirements. Indirect liquid cooling, on the other hand, has better thermal conductivity and
higher specific heat capacity compared to air cooling. However, it faces challenges such as complex
structure, larger energy consumption, heavier overall weight, liquid leakage, and increased thermal
resistance in the battery cell and coolant.

The review suggests that phase change material cooling and direct liquid cooling are potential alternatives to
conventional commercial cooling strategies for future high-capacity EVs. Phase change material cooling
offers excellent heat dissipation efficiency and temperature uniformity, but its performance decreases when
the battery temperature exceeds its melting point temperature. Direct liquid cooling can maintain the
battery's maximum temperature and temperature uniformity under permissible operating conditions, even in
extreme conditions.
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