2023-24

ACADEMIC SUPPORT
G R MASKERI
CHAPTER 1. SOLUTIONS
CLASS: XII

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IMPORTANT SUBTOPICS
1. Concentration of solutions :
(a) molality (m), molarity (M) mole fraction(X) – Numericals

2.Definations and statements :

(a) Henry’s law:
(b) Raoult’s law :
(c) Ideal and non-ideal solutions
(d) Azeotropes : (constant boiling mixture)
(e) Molal elevation constant, Molal depression constant

3.Colligative properties – Formula and numerical

4. Van't Hoff factor

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Dr. G R MASKERI. PGT CHEMISTRY
Expressing concentrations
Mass by mass% = Mass of solute X100
Mass of solution

Volume by volume% = Volume of solute X 100

Volume of solution

Mole fraction of
a component = No. of moles of the comp.
Total no. of moles in solution
Expressing concentrations

No. of moles of solute

Molarity (M) =
Volume of solution in litres

Molality (m) = No. of moles of solute

Mass of solvent in Kg
Exercise
If 4 g of NaOH dissolves in 36 g of H2O,
calculate the Mole fraction of each
component in the solution. Also, determine
the Molarity of solution (specific gravity of
solution is 1 g/mL)

Ans: Mole fraction of NaOH = 0.1/2.1

=0.047
Molarity = 2.5
Exercise
Calculate the molality of 2% (m/m) glucose
solution.

Ans: 2/180 X 1000 = 0.113 m

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Exercise.
If 500 mL of a 5M solution is diluted to 1500
mL What will be the molarity of the solution
obtained
Ans : M1V1 =M2 V2 1.66M

If 600 mL of 3M solution of HCl is added to

400 mL of 2M solution of HCl, then
concentration of resulting solution is
Ans : M1V1 +M2 V2 Ans: 2.6 M
V1 + V2
MULTIPLE TYPE QUESTION

If 2 gm of NaOH is present is 200ml of it’s

solution, it’s molarity will be

a) 0.25
b) 0.5
c) 5
d) 10

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Dr. G R MASKERI. PGT CHEMISTRY
MULTIPLE TYPE QUESTION

If 2 gm of NaOH is present is 200ml of it’s

solution, it’s molarity will be

a) 0.25
b) 0.5
c) 5
d) 10

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Dr. G R MASKERI. PGT CHEMISTRY
MULTIPLE TYPE QUESTION
When 200ml of water is added to 300 ml
of 0.2M solution. What is the molarity of
this diluted solution?
(a)0.30 M
(b) 0.28 M
(c) 0.70 M
(d) 0.12 M

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Dr. G R MASKERI. PGT CHEMISTRY
MULTIPLE TYPE QUESTION
When 200ml of water is added to 300 ml
of 0.2M solution. What is the molarity of
this diluted solution?
(a)0.30 M
(b) 0.28 M
(c) 0.70 M
(d) 0.12 M

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Dr. G R MASKERI. PGT CHEMISTRY
Given below are two statements labeled as Assertion (A) and Reason (R)

Assertion (A): Molarity of a solution in liquid state

changes with temperature.
Reason (R): The volume of a solution changes with
change in temperature.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct
explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
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Dr. G R MASKERI. PGT CHEMISTRY
Henry’s Law
The solubility of a gas increases
in direct proportion to its
partial pressure above
the solution.

Mathematically,
P A = K H XA

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Dr. G R MASKERI
Roult’s law
At a given temperature, for a solution of
volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure
of each component is equal to the product of
the vapour pressure of the pure component
and its mole fraction .
P A = P 0A X A
PA is partial pressure exerted by solvent vapor above the solution.
XA is mole fraction of the solvent in solution.
PºA is the vapor pressure of the pure solvent.

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Dr. G R MASKERI
Important formulae for numericals:
(a)Relative lowering in vapour pressure:
P0 – P = Wb x Ma
Po Mb x Wa

(b) Elevation of boiling point : ΔTb = Kbm

(c) Depression of freezing point : ΔTf = Kfm

(d) osmotic pressure : π = CRT 16

Dr. G R MASKERI. PGT CHEMISTRY