Bones of the

trunk
Skeletal system

• bones
manufacture blood
cells.
• bones are held by
our muscles
• The smallest bones
are in our ears
Bones classified by shape: long, short, flat,
irregular, round

Bone enclosed in periosteum, which is continuous

with tendons and ligaments
blood vessels in periosteum

Epiphysis- ends
spongy bone contains red marrow
compact bone, articular cartilage
Diaphysis- middle
compact bone
medullary cavity- contains yellow marrow (fat)
lined with endosteum (squamous epithelium)
 Regional Characteristic: Cervical
• Body is oval, but wide
side to side C3 - C7
• Spinous process is
short and bifid (split)
except in C7
• Vertebral foramen is
triangular
• Transverse processes
contain foramina for
blood vessels leading
to brain
 Cervical Vertebrae C1

• Lateral masses articulates with the occipital

condyles of the skull
 Cervical Vertebrae C1

Body of the
Vertebrae is
missing

• Inferior articular surface articulates with C2 below

 Cervical Vertebrae C2
• The axis has the
odontoid process
or dens is its
unique feature
• The dens is the
missing body of
the atlas which
fuses with the
atlas during
embryonic
development
 Regional Characteristic: Cervical
• Spinous processes
project directly
posteriorly
• Superior facets
directed
superoposteriorly
• Inferior facets
directed
inferoanteriorly
• Flexion/extension,
lateral flexion and
rotation
 Regional Characteristic: Thoracic
• Body is larger than
cervical; heart shaped
• Spinous process is
long and sharp
• Vertebral foramen is
circular
• Transverse processes
project posteriorly
and bear facets for
ribs
 Regional Characteristic: Lumbar
• Body is massive and
kidney shaped
• Spinous processes are
short and blunt
• Vertebral foramen is
triangular
• Transverse processes
are perpendicular to
spinous process but
has no special features
 Regional Characteristic: Lumbar
• Spinous process
projects posteriorly
• Superior facets
directed medially
• Inferior facets directed
laterally
• Flexion/extension,
some lateral flexion,
rotation prevented
 Sacral
• Ala are fused remnants
of transverse processes
that articulate with hip Ala
bones to form the sacro
iliac joints of the pelvis
• Sacral promontory
Sacral
– Center of gravity is 1 cm promontory
posterior of this point
• Transverse line are sites
of vertebral fusion
• Sacral foramina transmit
blood vessels and nerves
 Sacral
• On the posterior aspect
median sacral crest are
fused spinous processes
• The vertebral canal
continues inside the
sacrum as the sacral
canal
• Sacral hiatus is at the
inferior end of the sacral
canal
• Superior articular surface
form a joint with the
spinal column
 Coccyx

• Coccyx articulates with sacrum

Rib Cage
Thoracic cage
ribs
thoracic vertebrae
sternum
costal cartilages

True ribs are directly attached to the sternum

(first seven pairs)
Three false ribs are joined to the 7th rib
Two pairs of floating ribs
Sternum (Breastbone)
 Sternum
• Located on the anterior
midline of the thorax
• Consists of three fused
bones; manubrium,
body, and xiphoid
process
• Manibrium articulates
with clavicle & 2 ribs
• Body with ribs 2 - 7
• Xiphoid attachment site
for abdominal muscle
Ribs
 Ribs
• Ribs are bowed
flat bones
• Long shaft
• Tear drop shaped
with a costal
groove on inner
surface
• Head of rib has 2
facets to articulate
with its vertebrae
as well as the one
above
 Ribs
• Tubercle of rib
articulates with
transverse process
• Ligaments secure
rib to transverse
process
• Note how the
transverse
processes of
thoracic vertebrae
are angled
posteriorly