ANATOMY I

SMS 186

DR. I. OKAI
SKELETAL SYSTEM
 OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lecture, students should be
able to:

– Describe the general organisation of the Skeletal

System
– State the functions of the Skeletal System
– Identify and mention the anatomical names and
location of some individual bones as components of
the axial and appendicular skeleton
 SKELETAL SYSTEM

Components/organs:
• Bones
• Cartilages

Divisions:
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS
• Supports & forms the body’s framework

• Protections of vital organs

• Attachment site for muscles & ligaments

• Provides leverage for movement

• Storage of minerals

• Site for haemopoeisis

 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Axial Skeleton
Skull (cranium)
Vertebral column
Hyoid bone
Sternum
ribs
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Appendicular
Skeleton
upper limb
lower limb
pectoral girdle
pelvic girdle
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Vertebral Column
• Cervical vertebrae (7)
• Thoracic vertebrae (12)
• Lumbar Vertebrae (5)
• Sacral Vertebrae (5)
• Coccygeal Vertebrae (4)
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Vertebral column

Functions
• Support to the trunk
• Protection of spinal cord and nerves
• Provision of attachments for muscles
• Support body weight above the level of the
pelvis
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Axial Skeleton
Vertebral Column

Typical Vertebra
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Vertebral Column

C1 vertebra (atlas) C 2 vertebra (axis)

 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Vertebral Column

Cervical vertebra Thoracic vertebra

 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Cervical vertebra Thoracic vertebra
• Transverse foramen • Costal facets on vertebral
body and transverse
• Bifid spinous process
processes
• Vertebral body is small and wider
from side to side
• Long inferiorly pointing
• Large and triangular vertebral
spinous process
foramen

• Heart shaped vertebral

body

• Smaller and circular

vertebral foramen
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Vertebral Column Lumbar vertebra
• Massive kidney-shaped vertebral body

• Triangular vertebral foramen (smaller

than cervical)

• Long and slender transverse processes

• Short, thick, broad and rectangular

spinous processes
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Vertebral Column

Sacrum and Coccyx

 SKELETAL SYSTEM

Sacralization

Lumbarization
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Vertebral Column
Curvatures

Primary
Thoracic
Sacral

Secondary
Cervical
Lumbar
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Abnormal Spinal Curvature

Kyphosis
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Abnormal Spinal Curvature

Lordosis
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Abnormal Spinal Curvature

Scoliosis
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Herniated/Slipped
disc

• Rupture of intervertebral
disc in the spine causing
the leakage of nucleus
polposus
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Spina Bifida

• Failure of fusion of two

sides of vertebral arches
during development
resulting in an ‘open’
vertebral canal

Spina bifida cystica

 SKELETAL SYSTEM
THE BONY PELVIS

Constituent bones of pelvis – 2 hip bones, sacrum & coccyx

DRISON2013
 SKELETAL SYSTEM

• Hip bone- 3 fused

bones

• Components: ilium,
ischium and pubis

The hip bone

DRISON2013
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
The hip bone in different views

Anterior view Medial view Posterior view

DRISON2013
 VARIATION IN MALE & FEMALE PELVES

MALE FEMALE
• Thick and heavy • Thin and light
• Deep greater pelvis • Shallow greater pelvis
• Narrow, deep & tapering • Wide, shallow & cylindrical
lesser pelvis lesser pelvis
• Narrow, heart-shaped • Wide, oval & rounded pelvic
pelvic inlet inlet
• Relatively small pelvic • Relatively large pelvic outlet
outlet • Wide subpubic angle
• Narrow subpubic angle

DRISON2013
SKELETAL SYSTEM

DRISON2013
 SKELETAL SYSTEM

Scapula

Clavicle
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Scapula Calvicle
• Shoulder blade
• Collar bone
• Head, body, spine, acromion and
coracoid process • Shaft, acromial and
clavicular ends
• Location: posterolateral aspect
of thorax
• Articulates with the
• Articulates with humerus and sternum and scapula
clavicle
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Sternum
• Breast bone

• Manubrium, body and

xiphoid process

• Location: anterior median

line of thoracic cage

• Articulates with clavicles

and ribs
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Ribs
• 12 pairs

• 3 types: true, false and

floating

• True (ribs 1-7), false (ribs

8-10), Floating (11-12)

• Ribs 3-9: typical ribs

• Ribs 1, 2 and 10-12 are

atypical
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Ribs
• Typical rib: head, neck,
tubercle and body

• Articulation: sternum and

thoracic vertebrae
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Axial Skeleton
Thoracic Cage

Typical Rib
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Humerus
• Proximal head, neck,
greater and lesser
tubercles,

• Distal medial epicondyle,

lateral epicondyle,
trochlea and capitulum

• Location: arm
Anterior view Posterior view
• Articulates with scapula,
radius and ulna
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Radius
• Lateral forearm bone

• Proximal head and

neck

• distal ulna notch and

styloid process

• Articulates with
humerus, ulna and
scaphoid, lunate
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Ulna
• Medial forearm bone

• Proximal olecranon,
trochlea notch, coronoid
process, radial notch

• distal head and styloid

process
• shaft

• Articulates with humerus

and radius
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
The Hand (Manus)
• Carpals, metacarpals &
phalanges
• Wrist (carpal) bones: two
rows of eight bones
• Proximal row: Scaphoid,
lunate, triquetrium &
pisiform
• Distal row: trapezium,
trapezoid, capitate and
hamate
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
The Hand (Manus)
• Metacarpals (5): From
lateral to medial-
metacarpals I, II, III, IV & V

• Phalanges: Fourteen (14)

in total
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Femur
• Thigh bone

• Proximal head, neck,

greater and lesser
trochanters;

• Distal condyles and

epicondyles
• shaft

• Articulation: hip bone &

tibia
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Tibia
• Shin bone

• Proximal medial and

lateral condyles, tibial
tuberosity

• Distal medial malleolus

and fibula notch
• shaft

• Articulation: femur & fibula

 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Fibula

• Proximal head, neck

• Distal lateral malleolus

• shaft

• Articulation: tibia, talus

 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Foot

• Tarsals, metatarsals &

phalanges

• Tarsals: 7 bones-talus,
calcaneus, cuboid,
navicular & three
cuneiform bones
• 5 metatarsal bones

• 14 phalanges