INNOVATIVE EC SYSTEMS

Chapter 5
Minggu Lalu…
Business-to-Business e-commerce (B2B EC)
 Transactions between businesses conducted electronically
over the Internet, extranets, intranets, or private networks
Four Basic Types of B2B Transaction
1. Sell-side : one seller to many buyers
2. Buy-side : one buyer from many sellers
3. Exchanges : many sellers to many buyers
4. Supply chain improvements and collaborative commerce
: activities other than buying or selling
among business partners
Minggu Lalu…
Three Basic Types of B2B E-Marketplaces
1. One-to-many & Many-to-one  Private e-
marketplaces
2. Many-to-many  Public e-marketplaces
3. Supply chain improvers and collaborative
commerce
Minggu Lalu…

4 B2B Characteristics
 Parties to the Transaction  sellers, buyers, and
intermediaries
 Types of B2B Transactions  spot buying and
strategic (systematic) sourcing
 Types of Materials Traded  direct materials and
indirect materials
 The Direction of the Trades  vertical marketplaces
and horizontal marketplaces
Minggu Lalu…
 Electronic Procurement (e-procurement) :
 The electronic acquisition of goods & services for
organizations via the internet, EDI, etc.
 Seven Types of E-procurement :
1. E-sourcing
2. E-tendering
3. E-reverse auctioning
4. E-informing
5. Web-based ERP (Electronic Resource Planning)
6. E-MRO (Maintenance, Repair, and Operating)
7. E-market sites
Minggu Lalu…
 Other E-Procurement Methods :
1. Internal Procurement Marketplace / Internal
Aggregated Catalogs
2. Desktop Purchasing
3. Group Purchasing
 Corporate Portals :
1. General Portals  Defined by their audience (e.g.
suppliers, employees) : five types.
2. Functional Portals  Defined by the functionalities
they offer : three types.
INNOVATIVE EC SYSTEMS
From E-Government To E-Learning,
Collaborative Commerce, and C2C
Commerce
E-Government: An Overview
E-government
 E-commerce model in which a government
entity buys or provides goods, services, or
information to businesses or individual citizens
Several major categories
 Government-to-Citizens (G2C), Government-to-
Business (G2B), Government-to-Government
(G2G), Internal Efficiency & Effectiveness (IEE)
Government-To-Citizens (G2C)
 Definition : E-government category that
includes all the interactions between a
government and its citizens.
 Citizens can ask questions & receive answers,
pay taxes, schedule service, etc.
 Government can disseminate information on
the web, conduct training, help citizens find
employment, etc.
Government-To-Citizens (G2C)
Government-To-Business (G2B)
 Definition : E-government category that
includes all the interactions between a
government and businesses.
 Businesses can sell products & services to the
government, ask questions & receive answers,
pay taxes, etc.
 Government can sell to businesses (forward
auction) & buy from businesses (backward
auctions), provide services for businesses, etc.
Government-To-Government (G2G)
 Definition : E-government category that
includes activities within government units
and those between governments.
Government-To-Employees (G2E)
 Definition : E-government category that
includes activities and services between
government units and their employees.
Internal Efficiency &
Effectiveness (IEE)
 E-commerce provides an opportunity to
improve the effectiveness & efficiency of
government operations.
Benefit
Governments are using Web 2.0 tools mainly for
collaboration, dissemination of information, e-
learning, & citizen engagement. Through this
government can:
a) Cultivate & harness the enthusiasm of citizens
b) Make democracy more participatory & informed
c) Improve the quality & responsiveness of services
d) Revitalize the public sector and make
government policies & services more responsive
e) Unlock information & other content held by
government for innovation
Mobile Government (M-Government)
 Definition : the mobile platform of e-government
mostly to citizens but also to businesses.
 It enables government to reach a large number
of citizens & more cost-effective. It is
convenient to users as well.
 Example :
 Mobile site & applications
 Multihazard Early Warning System  If any
disaster happen, the system will send message
(warning) directly to our cell phone.
Benefits of M-Government
 Cost reduction
 Increased efficiency
 Transformation / modernization of public sector
organizations
 Added convenience & flexibility for users
 Better services to the citizens
 Ability to reach a large number of people
through mobile devices
Implementation Issues
 Wireless, mobile network, infrastructure, and
software readiness
 Easy access to m-government information in
several forms
 Security of mobile phone number, mobile
devices, and wireless network
 Regulation regarding data & information
E-Learning
 Definition : the online delivery of information for
purposes of education, training, or knowledge
management.
 It is a web-enabled system that makes
knowledge accessible to those who need it,
when they need it, anytime, anywhere.
 It ranging from Virtual Classroom to Mobile
Learning. Example : PesonaEdu.com
Benefits of E-Learning
 Enable individuals to take charge of their own
lifelong learning
 Enable self-paced learning
 Save money & reduce travel time
 Ability to learn from mobile devices
 Increase access to experts
 Enable large numbers of students to take class
simultaneously
 Provide on-demand education
 It can be taken anyplace & anytime, etc
Drawbacks & Challenges
of E-Learning
 Need for instructor retraining
 Equipment needs & support services
 Lack of face-to-face interaction & campus life
 Assessments & examinations
 Maintenance & updating
 Protection of intellectual property
 Computer literacy
 Student retention
Distance Learning
 Definition : formal education that usually
takes place off campus through online
resources.
 It is a process that creates & provides
access to learning when the teaching
system & the learners are separated by
time & distance, or both.
Online / Virtual Universities
 Definition : an online universities from
which students take classes from home or
other offsite locations via the Internet. It
allows universities to offer classes
worldwide.
 Example : Universitas Terbuka
E-Learning Via Robots
Online Corporate Training
 Corporate training is often done via intranets
and corporate portals.
 In large corporations with multiple sites and for
studies from home, the internet is used to
access the online materials.
 Example : University of Toyota (Toyota learning
center)  In addition to classroom training, UOT
developing dozens of e-learning courses per
year.
Social Networks + E-Learning
 Social Learning : learning, training, and
knowledge sharing in social networks and by
using social software tools for learning.
 Students use social networks (e.g. Facebook,
MySpace, LinkedIn) or communities to connect
with other learners to study or hold a discussion
online.
 Example : LearnHub.com, StudyCurve.com (For
middle schoolers through adults. Users can find
experts to answer questions), Learn Social by
Wi5Connect.
Learning in Virtual Worlds
 In Second Life, users can participate in
simulations, role-plays, construction projects,
and social event.
 Learners can use virtual worlds to explore
ancient civilization, gothic castles, fantasy
worlds, etc.
Visual Interactive Simulation
 VIS : an effective technology for e-training and
e-learning which uses computer graphic displays
to present the impact of decisions.
 VIS can represent a static / a dynamic system
a) Static Models  display a visual image of the result
of one decision alternative at a time.
b) Dynamic Models  display systems that evolve over
time, and the evolution can be presented by
animation.
 Example : SimMagic from HamaStar
Technology Co. in Taiwan (hamastar.com.tw)
Benefits of VIS
• Shorten learning time
• Aid in teaching how to operate complex
equipment
• Enable self-paced learning, anyplace, anytime
• Aid in memorization
• Lower overall training costs
• Record an individual’s learning progress and
improve on it
• Can facilitate learning on-demand / just-in-time
learning
E-Learning Management
Learning Management System (LMS)
 Software applications for the
administration, documentation, tracking,
and reporting of training programs,
classroom & online events, e-learning
programs, and training content.
Example : blackboard.com, moodle.org
Electronic Books (E-Books)
Definition : A book in digital form that can be
read on a computer screen or on a special
device (e-reader).
E-books can be delivered & read in 5 various
way :
a. Via web access  readers can locate a
book on the publisher’s website & read it
there. The book cannot be downloaded.
b. Via web download  readers can download
the book to a PC.
Electronic Books (E-Books)
c. Via a dedicated reader  the book must be
downloaded to a special device (an e-
reader).
d. Via a general-purpose reader  the book
can be downloaded to a general-purpose
device.
e. Via a web server  the contents of a book
are stored on a web server & downloaded
for print-on-demand
Advantages of E-Books
for Readers
 Ability to store hundreds of books on a small
mobile device
 Lower cost & minimal cost for printing out a hard
copy
 Searchable text & ability to enlarge the font size
 Instant delivery via downloads from anywhere &
anytime
 Portability (they go where you go)
 Media rich (audio, video, etc)
 Lightweight (+/- 10 ounces)
Advantages of E-Books
for Publishers
 Lower production, marketing, and
distribution (sale) costs  e-textbooks
50% cheaper than print versions
 Lower updating & reproduction costs
 The ability to reach many readers
 The ease of combining chapters from
several books to create customized text
books
Limitations of E-Books
 They require hardware & software that
maybe too expensive for some readers
 Some people have difficulty reading large
amounts of material on a computer screen
 Batteries may run down
 There are multiple, competing software
and hardware standards
Knowledge Management
 Knowledge Management (KM) : the
process of capturing or creating
knowledge, storing it, updating it
constantly, disseminating it, and using it
whenever necessary.
 Knowledge is collected from both external
and internal sources.
Knowledge Management
6 Major Tasks
1) Create Knowledge : the creation of
knowledge through determine new ways
of doing things or develop know-how
2) Capture Knowledge : identification of
valuable existent knowledge and
represented in a reasonable way
3) Refine Knowledge : new knowledge must
be placed in context so that it is
actionable.
Knowledge Management
6 Major Tasks
4) Store Knowledge : useful knowledge
must then be stored in a knowledge
repository so that others can access it.
5) Manage Knowledge : the knowledge
must be kept current (updated).
6) Disseminate Knowledge : knowledge
must be made available in a useful format
to anyone who needs it and authorized to
access it anywhere and anytime.
Organizational Knowledge
Organizational knowledge is embedded in the
following resources :
a) Human Capital  employee knowledge,
competencies, and creativity
b) Structured / Organizational Capital 
organizational structure and culture,
organizational knowledge sharing and
transferring, organizational processes, patents
c) Customer & Partner Capital  the relationship
between organizations, their customers, and
other partners.
Knowledge Management and
E-commerce
 To better perform their e-commerce tasks,
organizations need knowledge which is provided
by knowledge management.
 The major role of knowledge management is
linking e-commerce & business processes.
 Knowledge generated in e-commerce
contributes to the enhancement of 3 core
processes : Customer Relationship Management
(CRM), Supply Chain Management (SCM), and
Product Development Management.
Collaborative Commerce
(c-commerce)
Definition :
 An e-commerce technology that can be used
to improve collaboration within & among
organizations, frequently in supply chain
relationships
 The use of digital technologies that enable
companies to collaboratively plan, design,
develop, manage, and research products,
services, and innovative e-commerce
applications.
Collaborative Commerce
(c-commerce)
 Example : a manufacturer that is
collaborating electronically with a supplier
that designs a product / a part for the
manufacturer.
 Tools : groupware, blogs, wikis, and specially
designed e-commerce collaboration tools
(may provide services such as e-mail,
message boards, chat rooms, and online
corporate data that can be accessed around
the globe).
Collaborative Commerce
(c-commerce)
 Benefits : streamline operations, faster
move of goods, cost reduction, increased
sales and competitive advantage.
 A popular form of c-commerce is
Collaboration Hub which is often used by
the members of a supply chain.
 Collaboration Hub (c-hub) : the central
point of control for an e-market.