SAMPLE TECHNIQUES

MR. REYMOND R. CONTRERAS

SAMPLING
When you conduct quantitative
research it is very important that
your sample is a representative of
the population that you are
studying.
Before we discuss the statistics of
sampling, the two main approaches to
sampling, probability sampling and
non-probability sampling, and their
associated methods, are discussed.
Those sampling techniques based on
probability involve some form of
random selection while non-probability
sampling methods do not.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Every member of the population

has the chance of being selected.
It involves principle or
randomization or chance.
 FOUR (4) BASIC TYPE OF
PROBABILITY
1.SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
2.SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
3.STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
4.CLUSTER SAMPLING
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

Simplest technique.
It is selected by using chance methods or
random numbers.
There
is an equal chance that each
member of this section will be chosen.
 FISH BOWL METHOD
Simple random sampling can be
conducted by using:

 The Lottery Method. This method involves

assigning a number to each member of the
dataset then choosing a prescribed set of
numbers from those members at random.
 Technology. Using software programs like
Excel makes it easier to conduct random
sampling. Researchers just have to make
sure that all the formulas and inputs are
correctly laid out.
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
 Lack of Bias  Difficulty Accessing
 Simplicity Lists of the Full
 Less Knowledge Population
Required  Time Consuming
 Costs
 Sample Selection
Bias
 Data Quality Is
Reliant on
Researcher Qualify
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

Example:
You want to select a simple random sample of
1000 employees of a social media marketing
company. You assign a number to every
employee in the company database from 1 to
1000, and use a random number generator to
select 100 numbers.
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

Example:
A simple random sample would be the names
of 25 employees being chosen out of a hat
from a company of 250 employees. In this
case, the population is all 250 employees,
and the sample is random because each
employee has an equal chance of being
chosen.
 SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

Systematic sampling is similar to

simple random sampling, but it is
usually slightly easier to conduct.
Every member of the population is
listed with a number, but instead
of randomly generating numbers,
individuals are chosen at regular
intervals.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
Easy to Execute and Assumes Size of
Understand Population Can Be
Control and Sense Determined
of Process Need for Natural
Clustered Selection Degree of
Eliminated Randomness
Low Risk Factor Greater Risk of Data
Manipulation
 SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
Procedure:
Divide the population size N by the sample size n. Suppose that the
quotient is k, use the lottery method for the numbers 1 to k to get the
random start. The random start is now part of the sample. The next
samples are taken from adding multiples of k to the random start.
Example:
A medical investigator is interested in obtaining information about the
average number of times N=15,000 specialists prescribed a certain drug
in the previous year. To obtain a sample of n= 1500 specialist, we could
select one specialist at random for the first k=10 names appearing on
the list and then select every 10th name thereafter until the sample size
of 1500 is selected.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

Example:
All employees of the company are listed in
alphabetical order. From the first 10 numbers,
you randomly select a starting point: number
6. From number 6 onwards, every 10th person
on the list is selected (6, 16, 26, 36, and so
on), and you end up with a sample of 100
people.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

Example:
For instance, if a local NGO is seeking to form
a systematic sample of 500 volunteers from a
population of 5000, they can select every
10th person in the population to build a
sample systematically.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

Example:
With systematic random sampling, they can
choose every 10th or 15th customer entering
the supermarket. Then, they can conduct the
study on this sample.
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
 Stratified sampling involves dividing the population
into subpopulations that may differ in important
ways. It allows you draw more precise conclusions by
ensuring that every subgroup is properly represented
in the sample.
 To use this sampling method, you divide the
population into subgroups (called strata) based on the
relevant characteristic (e.g., gender identity, age
range, income bracket, job role).
 Based on the overall proportions of the population,
you calculate how many people should be sampled
from each subgroup. Then you use random or
systematic sampling to select a sample from each
subgroup.
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
Accurately Can't Be Used in
Reflects All Studies
Population
Studied
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

Example:
The company has 800 female employees and 200
male employees. You want to ensure that the sample
reflects the gender balance of the company, so you
sort the population into two strata based on gender.
Then you use random sampling on each group,
selecting 80 women and 20 men, which gives you a
representative sample of 100 people.
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

Example:
Let’s say you need a sample of 100 from 1000 students who
were asked about their preferred subject. To avoid
selection bias due to different grades having different
subjects, the students can be grouped according to the
grade, and students are chosen from each grade. This way,
you won’t have an over-representation of the Grade 7
students and under-representation of the Grade 8
students, for example.
 CLUSTER SAMPLING
 Cluster sampling also involves dividing the population into
subgroups, but each subgroup should have similar
characteristics to the whole sample. Instead of sampling
individuals from each subgroup, you randomly select entire
subgroups.
 If it is practically possible, you might include every individual
from each sampled cluster. If the clusters themselves are
large, you can also sample individuals from within each cluster
using one of the techniques above. This is called
multistage sampling.
 This method is good for dealing with large and dispersed
populations, but there is more risk of error in the sample, as
there could be substantial differences between clusters. It’s
difficult to guarantee that the sampled clusters are really
representative of the whole population.
 Types of Cluster Sampling
 One-stage cluster sampling: Involves
choosing a random sample of clusters and
gathering data from every subject within
that cluster.
 Two-stage cluster sampling: Involves
randomly selecting multiple clusters and
choosing certain subjects randomly within
each cluster to form the final sample.
CLUSTER SAMPLING

Example:
The company has offices in 10 cities across the
country (all with roughly the same number of
employees in similar roles). You don’t have the
capacity to travel to every office to collect
your data, so you use random sampling to
select 3 offices – these are your clusters.
CLUSTER SAMPLING

Example:
A researcher may find it challenging to interview the
entire population of a grocery store's customers.
However, they may be able to create a subset of
stores in clusters; this represents the first step in
the process. The second step would be to interview
random customers of those stores. Third, data would
be collected from the interviews and samples
selected.
CLUSTER SAMPLING

Example:
An organization is surveying the performance
of smartphones in Germany. They can diversify
the whole population into clusters and then
select the cities with the highest population.
So that researchers filter the ones using mobile
phones. This multiple sampling is called cluster
sampling.
Methods of Non-Probability Sampling

1. Purposive Sampling
 Setsout to make the sample agree with the
population in regard to certain characteristic.
2. Quota Sampling
A specific number of particular types of elements
are selected.
3. Convenience Sampling
 Chooses units which come to hand or are
convenient.
Sample size
 It should be intuitively reasonable that the
size of a sample should influence how
accurately the sample represents its
population. Specifically, a large sample
should be more accurate than a small
sample. In general, as the sample size
increases, the error between the sample
mean and the population mean should
decrease. This rule is also known as the law
of large numbers.
Practice Exercises
Directions: Identify the probability sampling technique
used.
1. Supervisor are selected using random numbers in order
to determine the annual salaries.
2. Every 12th customer entering a mall is asked to select his
or her favorite store.
3. A head nurse selects 10 patients from each floor of a
hospital.
4. In a university, all teachers from three building are
interviewed to determine whether they believe the
students have higher grades now than previous year.
Practice Exercises
Directions: Identify the probability sampling technique used.
5. A sample of 2,000 was sought to estimate the average
achievement in science of fifth graders in a city’s public schools. The
average fifth grade enrollment in the city’s elementary schools is
100 students. Thus, 20 schools were randomly selected and within
each of those schools all fifth graders were tested.
6. A researcher has a population of 100 third grade children from a
local school district from which a sample of 25 children is to be
selected. Each child’s name is put on a list, and each child is
assigned a number from 1 to 100. Then the numbers 1 to 100 are
written on separate pieces of paper and shuffled. Finally, the
researcher picks 25 slips of paper and the numbers on the paper
determine the 25 participants.
Practice Exercises
Directions: Identify the probability sampling technique used.
7. A sociologist conducts an opinion survey in a major city. Part of
the research plan calls for describing and comparing the opinions of
four different ethnic groups: African Americans, Asian Americans,
European Americans, and Native Americans. For a total sample of
300, the researcher selects 75 participants from each of the four
predetermined subgroups.
8. A researcher is interested in political attitudes of individuals
within a particular state. The researcher uses the following
procedure to obtain a sample: (a) a random sample of counties is
drawn, (b) within the counties selected, districts are randomly
drawn, (c) within each district, blocks are randomly sampled, (d)
within blocks selected, building are randomly drawn, and (d) all
residents within the buildings selected comprise the sample.
Practice Exercises
Directions: Identify the probability sampling technique
used.
9. Instructors teaching research methods are interested in
knowing what study techniques their students are utilizing.
Rather than assessing all students, the researchers
randomly select 10 students from each of the sections to
comprise their sample.
10. A researcher is interested in maximum-security
inmates. She groups maximum-security prisons by state,
randomly selects 10 states, and, from those 10, selects
three prisons. She includes all the inmates in those three
prisons in her sample.
 How to get the Number of
Sample on each Sampling Method
Simple Random Sampling
A researcher wants to study the effects of
social media on Grade 11 students of MNHS
Main. He wants to use the simple random
sampling technique in choosing the member
of his sample. If there are 1000 Grade 11
students in MNHS Main, how many students
should be in his sample? What are the steps
he should make if he wishes to use the
lottery method?
Simple Random Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
A students wants to conduct a
research in his school. If the school
has a total number of students of
4,800, solve for the sample size
needed using 5% margin of error.

369.23 ≈ 370
Systematic Sampling

How will you select a sample of 71

students in a group of 250 students
using the systematic sampling
technique?
Systematic Sampling
Systematic Sampling

How will you select a sample of

263 students in a group of 500
students using the systematic
sampling technique?

1.90 ≈ 2th elements

Stratified Sampling

 You want to interview 200 students in PLMun to

determine their opinion on the new school
uniform. How are you going to select your sample
by using stratified sampling if there are 1,200
students under the College of Educations; 1,100
students in Criminology Department; 1,050
students in Business Administration; 940 students
in Computer Studies Department; 900 students in
Fine Arts; and 810 students in Engineering?
Stratified Sampling
Department Number of Sample
Students (200)
Education 1200 40
Criminology 1100 37
Business 1050 35
Administration
Computer Studies 940 31
Fine Arts 900 30
Engineering 810 27
Total 600 200
Stratified Sampling

 You want to know the reason why and how

students consider a subject as their favorite. You
want to interview 300 students out of 200 whose
subject is Math, 500 whose favorite subject is
English, and 800 whose favorite subject is
Science.
Stratified Sampling

Subject Number of Sample

Students (300)
Math 200 40
English 500 100
Science 800 160
Total 1500 300