Du’a for Study

Internet and Web

Technology
Chapter I
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Internet Contents

Uses of internet
Impacts of internet on society
Addressing Scheme
Services of Internet
Basic Terminologies of Internet
Advantages of Internet
Disadvantages of Internet
 Internet & World Wide Web
 Internet is huge collection of computers all over the world that are connected to one
another. It is a global network of computers. These computers are connected through
different telecommunication links like:
 Phone lines

 Fiber optics lines

 Satellites and wireless connections

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 Internet Con…
 Internet is used to find information stored on the computers called hosts or server.

 These computers use a common protocol called TCP/IP for communication.

 TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol.

 Each computer connected to internet can act as host.

 A host computer provide information to the people.

 To day more than 100 million users around the world connect to internet for different purpose.

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 Uses of Internet
1. Some uses of the internet are as follows:

2. To access information, news, research and educational material.

3. To conduct business.

4. To access sources of entertainment such as online games, magazines etc.

5. To shop for goods and services.

6. To meet and talk with people around the world in discussion groups or chat rooms.

7. To access other computers and exchange files.

8. To send message and receive messages from other connected users.

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 Impacts of internet on society
 Globalization: internet has converted this world into a global village. People are connected with
one another using the internet.
 Flow of information: internet contains information on all types of topics. People can search
information on any topics.
 Better Understanding: Internet is an easy way of communication amount people. They can
exchange their views. It has created better understanding.
 Comfort in Life: The use of internet has provided many comforts for society people can perform
their duties easily. They can sell and buy goods online. They can run their business using internet.
 Knowledge: Internet is a source of huge information. People an get information from websites.
They can interact with different people, scholars and learned persons to get knowledge.

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 Connection to the internet
 Anyone can connected to the internet by using the services of any internet services provider. Following things are required to

establish a connections to internet.

1. Computer: any computer can be used for connection to internet.

2. Modem: Modem is an electronics device that is used to transform data over internet in links the computer with the

internet using telephone line.

3. Dial-up Software: Dial-up Software is used to establish a connection between a personal computer and a server of an
ISP.

4. ISP Connection: ISP stands for Internet Service Provider. It provides the link between the computer and the internet.

5. Web Browser: Internet Browser is software that is used to view web pages like Firefox, google chrome etc.

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 Addressing Scheme
 Internet addresses are used to access different computers on the Internet. Each computer on the

Internet has unique address. This address is used to establish a connection with that computer.
There are two types of addressing schemes on the internet.

⁻ IP Addressing

⁻ DNS Addressing

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 IP Addressing
 IP address is a unique number that refers to a computer connected to the internet. IP stands for Internet Protocol.

 This address is a 32-bit number. An IP address is a string of numbers separated by periods. IP addresses are expressed as a set

of four numbers — an example address might be 192.158.1.38. Each number in the set can range from 0 to 255. So, the full IP
addressing range goes from 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255. 127.80.144.30 Normally, first number indicates a network and the last
number indicates a specific computer.

 IP addresses are not random. They are mathematically produced and allocated by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

(IANA), a division of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). ICANN is a non-profit
organization that was established in the United States in 1998 to help maintain the security of the internet and allow it to be
usable by all. Each time anyone registers a domain on the internet, they go through a domain name registrar.

 A server on the internet has a static IP address. It does not change vary often. When a computer connects to the Internet. It

also gets an IP address by the ISP. This IP address is used only during the session and is not static.

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 DNS Addressing
 A DNS or a domain name system is used to translate domain names into IP addresses, allowing

the browsers to access other internet resources.

 IP address is difficult to remember for the users. All servers on the internet also have human-

readable names. It is known as Domain name. A domain name consists of text instead of number.
It is easier to remember a domain name than IP address.
⁻ For example, www.Hotmail.com is a permanent and human-readable name. It is easier to
remember than IP address. It actually has two parts:
⁻ Host name
⁻ Domain

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 Internet Services(World Wide Web (WWW))
 WWW stands for World Wide Web. It is also called Web. It provides the facility to publish information on

the internet. It is a collection of documents or web pages stored on computers permanently connected
with internet around the world.

 A web page is a document that may include text, graphics, sound and video etc. These web pages are

connected to one another suing hyperlinks. Web pages are also known as hypertext documents. Anyone
can view web pages through a web browser.

 A collection of related web pages is called website. Each website has a unique address. Website are stored

on a host computer on the internet. These computers are known as web server. The process of lunching a
web page is called publishing the page.

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 Purpose and uses of WWW

 Advertisement: Manufactures use WWW to provide information of their products.

 Shopping: It is possible for user to buy an item using WWW. You can see products and prices, and

even order them by using your credit card etc.

 Flight information: It is used to provide the latest information on flights arrivals and departures.

 Television Station: WWW provides information about programs, the latest news and special events.

Some television show different events live on their websites.

 Search Engines: Search engine is a website that provides the facility to find required website on a

particular topic.

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 Internet Services (Email)
 Email stands for Electronic Mail. It is the exchange of messages and files through

Internet. Message can be in the form of graphics, sounds, video clips or simple text.
It is a fast way of sending message anywhere in the world.

• One email message can be sent to multiple recipients.

• Email facility is provided by many Internet Service provides or specialized websites.

• Yahoo, Hotmail and Gmail are example of popular email providing websites.

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 Working of Email

 An email program is used to create, send and receive emails. It is also known as

email client. When the user sends an email message the computer connects to an
email server and transmits a copy of the message to that server.

 Email serve is a host computer on the internet that is used to send and receive

email the email server receive the message and finds out the email server where
that email is to be sent. It connects to that server and transmits another copy of
the message.

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 Email address
 Every email account has unique address. An email address usually has two

which are separated by the symbol @. These parts are as follows:

1. User ID

2. Identity of email service

 Example

 myemail@Hotmail.com

 In this example

1. myemail is called user ID. It is used to sign into email service.

2. @ it is “at” sign. It separated account ID from name of email service

provider.
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 Email Attachment
 An email message can also contain attachment. Attachment is a process of sending

connecting files with email message. Any type of file can be attached to email such as
documents, spredsheets, audio and video etc.

 MIME stands for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension. It is an internet protocol that

support email attachments. Different websites provide different file size. That can be
attached with an email message.

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 Advantages and uses of Email
1. It is very fast and timely.

2. It is very cheap and inexpensive.

3. People can send receive message anywhere in the world.

4. People can share information among different people.

5. It is possible to send and receive email through mobile phone.

6. Email gives us the facility to send pictures, sounds and video.

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 Disadvantage of Email
 Some limitations of email are as follows:

• Email doses not provide high privacy. An email passes from one computer

system to another through different networks. The system administrator of

a network or hacker can read the contents of emails.

• Junk email is an unwanted email. It is also known as spam. A person may

send such email that the receiver does not want to read. A large number of
junk emails may file the space of email account.

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 Disadvantage of Email Con…
• An email message can not express emotion properly. The receiver cannot

view the facial expression or voice of the sender.

• Email as read when the user connects to the internet and checks email

account. And urgent message may be ignore or delayed.

• Email may not be delivered successfully due to communication errors.

• Most of the viruses are spread though email messages. Virus can spread if

the user opens an email containing a virus.

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 Services of Internet(Social Networking)
 Social network is a way of building online communities. The people use social

networking websites to interact with one another.

 Myspace is an example of social networking sites.

 Professional also use social networking sites such as LinkeIn.

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 Services of Internet(VOLP)
 VOLP stands for Voice Over Internet Protocol. It is also called Internet

telephony. It is used to speak to other users over the internet.

 VOLP uses the internet instead of telephone. Network to connect a user to

other user. It requires high speed Internet connection like DSL.

 A DSL(Digital subscriber line) modem receives signals via telephone lines

and converts them digitally for our use. This data can be transferred to our
wirelessly or via an ethernet cable. The use of existing telephone lines makes
DSL accessible in rural areas as well as towns and cities. Phone lines have a
higher capacity than required by phone calls.

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 Services of Internet(Mailing List)
 A mailing list is a collection of email names and addresses given a single

name. an email message sent to a mailing list is received by every person on

the list. Different people discuses different topics and distribute their ideas
to other people by email. Software are available to administrate mailing
lists. The most common program is listserv.

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 Services of Internet(News Groups)
 A news group is a discussion group on the internet. People exchange information on a

vast range of topics such as news, Business, science and computer.

 A users sends message to the newsgroup to participate in discussion. Other users in the

newsgroup read and reply to the message. A software is required to obtain articles from
new server.

 A news server is a host computer that exchanges articles with other servers on the

internet. These servers use network news transfer protocol (NNTP) to communicate.
The users have to subscribe on a news group to view articles on a specific topic.

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 Services of Internet(E-Commerce)
 E-commerce stands for electronics commerce. E-Commerce means to carry

out financial and business dealing using Internet.

 A person can deal with his customers throughout the world. People can buy

and sell goods on the Internet.

 Even payments can be made using credit card numbers etc. the trend of E-

Commerce is rapidly becoming popular.

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 Role of E-Commerce
 The role of e-commerce in daily life is becoming very important. E-

Commerce can be used in the following ways.

 Online Education: Online education is becoming very popular.

Different types of interactive tutorials are availed on the internet. The
student can browse these online books and tutorials or can download them
after purchasing. Some websites provide online lectures for the students.

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 Role of E-Commerce Con…
 Electronic Banking: Many banks are now introducing electronic banking.

Using your computer you can connect to the bank’s computer system via the
internet and control your daily financial dealing from home. It reduces the
staff and building of banks. Many customers pay their bills from their
accounts using this facility.

 Electronic Shopping: It has become very easy for the people to shop from

home using internet. Different manufactures present their products on the

internet. People can brows the websites, place an order and even make a
payment using credit card. It has made shopping very easy.

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 Role of E-Commerce Con…
 Search jobs: Internet is used to search different types of jobs all over the

world. Many websites are developed that provide information to the people
about job vacancies. Job seekers can also apply for the job using internet.

 Marketing and Advertising: E-Commerce is playing an important part to

market and advertise products all over the world. The use of popular
websites can be an effective way of introducing a product to the customers.

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 Role of E-Commerce Con…
 Providing Customer Services: Business can interact with their customer

using the internet. They can discuses different issues about their products.
They can also deal with their complaint and provide different services to
them.

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 Advantage of E-Commerce
 Geographic Reach- Organizations at distant places can share interact with

customers easily. Any person from any part of the world can be their
customer.

 Speed- interaction between buyer and seller takes place almost

instantaneously.

 Productivity- enables to search and obtain information, products and

services online.

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 Advantage of E-Commerce Con…
 Information Sharing- digital information can be transmitted anywhere in

the world easily. It is easier to do this than any traditional sharing method.

 Low cost- the cost of conducting business online is much lower as

traditional physical resources are not needed.

 Competitive advantage- companies using e-commerce are more

competitive because they can offer their products and services to more
customers well in time.

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 Internet Services(File Transfer Protocol(FTP)
 File Transfer Protocol is used to transfer files over the internet. Audio, video, graphics and data

files can be uploaded or downloaded using this protocol.

 A process of transferring a file form remote computer to local computer is called downloading.

The process of transferring a file a local computer to remote computer is called uploading.

 Different software are avaible to use this protocol for transferring files on the internet. cuteFTP

and WS_FTP are example of FTP software.

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 Basic Terminologies of Internet
Website: A collection of related web pages that you can access electronically
is called website. It contains text, graphics, sound and video. There are
different types of websites that provide different types of contents such as
news, information , education and entertainment etc. a website must be
stored on a web server to be accessible all over the world.

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 Basic Terminologies of Internet Con…
 Home page: Most websites have a starting point, called a home page. It is similar to
a book cover or table of contents for the site. It provides information about the site’s
purpose and content.

 Hyper link: A hyper link is simply part of the text( or graphics) on a web page.
When the user clicks on it automatically:

• Takes the user to a different part of the same page.

• Takes the user to different page within web site.

• Takes the users to a page in a different web site.

• Enables the user to download file.

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• Lunches an application, video or sound.
 Basic Terminologies of Internet Con…
 Image Map: Image map is an image whose different parts are linked with
different web pages.

 Fame: Frames are used to divide a web page into different parts. Different
web pages can be displayed in each part.

 Table: Table is a set of rows and columns. Data can be displayed in tables
in a web page.

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 Basic Terminologies of Internet Con…
HTTP: stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. It is the foundation of data
communication for the world wide web.

• It works as a request-response protocol in the client-server model.

• It requires a client program at one end and an HTTP server at the other end. For

example, a web browser such as internet explorer acts as client and the application a
hosting computer acts as a server.

• The client submits an HTTP request message to the server. The server return a

response message to the client.

• A response contains completion status information about the request and may

content requested by the client.

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 Basic Terminologies of Internet Con…
 HTML: IT is stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. HTML is the
fundamental language to design web pages.

 Webmaster: Webmaster is the person who develops and maintains a web

site.

 Domain Name: Domain name is a unique name given to a website. The

name is linked to a web server where the information of website is stored.
www.sjau.edu.af is example of domain name.

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 Basic Terminologies of Internet Con…
 URL: URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. The URL is the web
address for any given web document. Every web document has a unique
URL. Each URL has several parts, which can be demonstrated using the
address.
 Example of URL

 http://www.google.com/services/index.html

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 Basic Terminologies of Internet Con…
ISP: ISP stands for Internet Service Provider. ISP provides the link between
the individual user’s computer and the internet. The most common type of
physical connection used for this service is a dial-up modem that operates over
normal telephone lines.
 An ISP is a company, which provides us access to the internet and provides

facilities of WWW, Email and FTP etc.

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 Basic Terminologies of Internet Con…
 SMTP: SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. It is one of the
most popular network services is electronic mail on the Internet. It is a
system for sending messages to other computers users based on email
addresses. SMTP provides the facilities for mail exchange between users on
same or different computers. It also supports:
 Sending a single message one or more recipients

 Sending message that include text, voice, video or graphics

 Sending messages to users on networks outside the internet.

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 Basic Terminologies of Internet Con…
 DNS: stands for Domain Name System. IP address is difficult to remember
for the user. The domain names are alphabetic and are easier to remember.
 The Domain Name Server resolve the name of the website typed in the

browser with IP address of the server that sends the requested information
from that websites. For example, the domain name www.amazon.com might
be translated to 198.105.232.3.
 The DNS server is typical local in most major network environments. It must

be updated periodically to include new domain names.

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 Advantages of Internet
 Entertainment: Internet provides a lot of entertainment to the people.
The users can play online games, listen songs, watch movies and live
matches etc. Many websites provides entertainment material. People can
also download entertainment stuff.

 Research: Internet provides many facilities for research work. It contains

detailed information on different topics. The research can find required
information on Internet. They can also interact with other research's in the
world to share knowledge and get guidance from them.

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 Advantages of Internet Con…
 Video Conferencing: People can use Internet for video conference. They
can talk on different topics by watching to one another.

 News: Most newspapers have their websites. Latest news and interviews are
provided on these websites.

 Medical: Many sites in the world provide detailed information on diseases.

You can also consult a panel of on-line doctors to get the advice about any
medical problems

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 Disadvantages of Internet
 Hacking: Hacking is one of the most important disadvantages of internet. The hackers access
the data stored on computers across Internet. They can use this data illegally or even destroy it.

 Immorality: Internet contains a large number of immoral websites. These websites contains
such material that is against the moral values or our society. These websites are damaging the
character of young people.

 Security Problems: Internet has created many security problems. Important data can be

hacked on Internet. Hackers also damage different websites and delete their contents. They also
retried critical data of different organizations and governments.

 Wastage of Time: Many people use Internet without any positive purpose. The young

people waste their time in chatting. It affects their performance and makes them inefficient.
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Thanks for your kind attention

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