CHAPTER -01 INTRODUCTION TO THE INTERNET

INTRODUCTION Internet has become an integral part of our daily life especially
communication, which is now faster, smoother and cost-efficient. Internet enables global
connection, seamless information access, sending e-mails, watching TV shows, shopping
and much more. Internet has revolutionized the way we communicate and internet-ready
devices provide anytime, anywhere communication and access to information.
INTERNET Internet refers to a global network of millions of computers. Network means
to connect two or more computers together.
Each computer on a network is recognized by a unique IP (Internet Protocol) and they
communicate with one another using the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP).
Protocols are a set of rules followed by each computer present on a network.
Internet is governed by many voluntary organizations including
Internet Architecture Board (IAB),
Internet Engineering Task force (IETF) and InterNIC.
The organization that is leading the efforts to standardize the World WideWeb (WWW) is
called the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
Internet is a huge network of networks an information superhighway as it is the largest
medium to share and access information, connect and interact with people across the
globe. Internet
Applications Some of the major application areas of Internet are given below. Sharing data
and information. Browsing webpages. Advertising and video conferencing. Sending and
receiving e-mails. ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ Social networking.
➢ Online registrations, education, entertainment, net banking, etc.
➢ Publishing notes and journals.
➢ Booking tickets. ➢ Internet television. Connection Requirements To connect to the
internet, you need a: ➢ Computer—Requires a computer, tablet or a mobile phone with a
browser software.
➢ Network Interface Card (NIC)—Hardware that allows computers to communicate over
a computer network.
➢ Modem (Modulator - Demodulator)—Modem or router is required to establish
connection on a computer. Although mobile phones and tablets does not require a
modem. ➢ ISP (Internet Service Provider)—ISP are companies that provide an account
to access internet over the phone line. ISP usually charges a monthly or an annual fee.

WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW) Internet provides many services such as e-mail, telnet, FTP,
etc., but the most popular service offered by Internet is the access to information via World
Wide Web (WWW).
World Wide Web is a large collection of information which can be accessed using a
browser software. The World Wide Web is a virtual library of knowledge and resources.
All documents are available in the form of webpages on the World Wide Web. To access
a webpage, an URL (Universal Resource Locator) has to be specified.
Webpages are created using HTML (Hypertext Markup Language).
Web server is a software designed for the purpose of providing information using HTTP,
however, it also receives data from clients. Uploading files or data, submitting web forms,
etc., are the common examples of giving content to the web server.
The four important features of web server are virtual hosting, large file support (more than
2 GB), Every website URL begins with HTTP: bandwidth throttling and server-side
scripting to generate dynamic webpages. https://www.google.com/ FACT FILE Web

WEBSITE
Website A website is a collection of interlinked webpages FACTFILE typically hosted from
a single domain. For example, Amazon.com is a commercial website. Amazon.com is built
using several webpages.
The first page of any website is called home page for that site. Websites and Webpages
As the name indicates, a website is a collection of webpages whereas a webpage is a
smaller unit of a large website containing information on a specific topic in the form of text,
images, sounds, etc.
A website is said to be the parent of a webpage and webpages act as a building block of
a website. A website is compared to a book and a webpage is like a chapter in that
particular book. Flipkart.com, google.com, etc., are examples of a website. Web Portal
Web portal: A web portal is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point
of access for various information and links. It connects the visitor to different sources (such
as various websites) of information through a single interface with ease.
A web portal allows a variety of web services such as: ● E-mails ● Blog ● File transfer ●
Search engine ● Online forums ● Entertainment ● Newsgroups ● Video conference ● E-
learning ● E-banking ● E-shopping ● E-reservation ● E-governance ● E-groups Some of
the popular online web portals are: AOL, Excite, Netvibes, iGoogle, MSN, Naver, Lycos,
Prodigy, Indiatimes, Rediff and Yahoo!

BLOG
Blog or a “web log“ is a type of personal column posted on the internet. In blogs, the new
content appears first, i.e., in reverse chronological order. Here, a person expresses his
views, information, opinion, advice, etc., and different people can read and post their
comments also. Blogs may receive multiple responses, comments and replies. Blogs are
like an online personal diary. The author of the blog is called a blogger.
Bloggers can be from technical or non-technical backgrounds. Blogging is the activity
involving creating and updating blogs. Blogs can be helpful in expanding your business,
generating income and making you creative in showing your expertise to the world. A good
blogger uses simple language, topic-related information, extra references, positive attitude
and original content in blog posts. Blogs can be written on any topic such as travel,
technology, food, news, books, gaming, fashion, etc.
Blogs have a comment section where readers are free to comment on the written article.
Comments are a means to establish direct interaction between the reader and the author.
Blogs can be created online and offline. In offline blogs, content can be created first
without using internet connection and later they can be published or uploaded on the
websites.
Examples of popular offline blog editors are: ● Windows Live Writer (Windows) ● Qumana
(Windows & Mac) ● BlogDesk (Windows) Some of the best blogging platforms are: ●
Wordpress.com ● Wordpress.org (open source) ● Wix.com ● Blogger.com ● Blog.com ●
Weebly.com ● Tumblr.com
E-MAIL
E-mail stands for ‘Electronic Mail’. It allows you to send content over the web. To send an
e-mail, both sender and receiver should have an e-mail ID. E-mail ID can be created using
any free account provider such as Gmail or Yahoo. E-mails are mostly used for sending
professional letters, resume, data spreadsheets and dossiers. E-mails can be sent
anytime and they are received quickly in the receiver’s inbox.
E-Mail Application Electronic mail is a way to exchange messages using the internet or
intranet communication. It is an application called an e-mail client, which allows users to
compose, send, receive and read an e-mails. It is called an e-mail client as this system is
based on a client-server architecture. In this system, mail is sent to a central server which
is then re-routed to the destination or to the person for whom the e-mail was prepared.
E-Mail Address
E-mail address is a name that identifies an electronic post box on a network where the
e-mail has to be sent. Different types of networks have different formats for e-mail
addresses. When an e-mail is sent to your e-mail address, it is collected by your e-mail
server and placed in the inbox, which you can access through your e-mail application.
Every user on the internet has a unique e-mail address. E-mail addresses are always in
a specific format: name@domain

NETWORK PROTOCOLS
Protocol means a set of rules. The rules followed by computers or nodes in a network are
called Network Protocols.
The various types of protocols are explained briefly below:
● TCP/IP (Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol) is the most commonly used
protocol. It is a combination of two separate protocols: TCP (i.e., transmission control
protocol) and IP (i.e., internet protocol). TCP is a set of communication protocols used to
interconnect network devices on the internet. TCP ensures reliable data delivery in
packets. TCP checks packets for errors, and in case of any error detected, TCP triggers
a request to re-transmit the data packet. IP or Internet Protocol has been designed for
WWW connectivity. Internet protocol sends data in the form of packets from one host to
the other on the network. The set of rules that govern how data packets will be transmitted
over the network are called as Internet Protocol. Internet protocols are the communication
protocols that must be followed by the machines sharing or exchanging data on the
network. There are two version of IP (IPv4 and IPv6). GOOD TO KNOW Each machine
on the network has a unique address (that is, a unique 32 bit (4 Byte) logical address)
called the IP address. IP addresses are represented by four set of numbers, each ranging
from 0 to 255 and they are separated by dots. Example of IP address: 190.195.144.56
● SMTP (Simple mail transfer protocol) is designed to handle e-mails sent from one ID to
another. SMTP is followed while sending and receiving e-mails.
● POP (Post office protocol) is designed for receiving incoming e-mails form the mail
server. The POP3 mail server can receive e-mails, filter, store and also download e-mails
to user computer when he connects to the web.
● HTTP (Hypertext transfer protocol) is the protocol used to transfer data over the web.
HTTP is a primary application protocol specially used to communicate between browsers
and web servers for transferring files on the web. It can transfer plain text, hypertext, audio,
images and internet accessible information. When you open a browser or click on some
hypertext to retrieve information, your computer becomes a HTTP client and follow the
HTTP protocol to get that linked information from the server. HTTP governs the rules to
receive/respond to hypertext on the net. Hypertext links can be assigned to text, image,
sound or video.

the file transfer protocols are.

● Telnet (Terminal network): Telnet is a remote access protocol. Telnet protocol governs
rules that enable connection with a remote computer (called hosts). Telnet client-server
applications allows logging onto remote computers to access any application program or
file available on it (remote computer).
● FTP (File transfer protocol): File Transfer Protocol is a standard client-server protocol
used for the transfer of files between a client and server on a network. Types of files may
include program files, multimedia files, text files documents, etc.
● SSH (Secure shell): SSH is an administrative protocol that allows a computer to connect
through secure remote login with another computer on a network. SSH uses different
encryption techniques to ensure secure transmissions over the network. SSH protocol is
a more secure alternative than Telnet and FTP protocols.
● SFTP (Secure file transfer protocol): As the name implies, SFTP is a secure version of
File Transfer Protocol (FTP). It transfers data using a private and safe data stream over
Secure Shell (SSH) in an encrypted form. SFTP is also known as SSH File Transfer
Protocol.
● SCP (Secure copy protocol): SCP is also used to transfer files between hosts on
network. It works with SSH protocol that encrypts data transmissions. SCP is a network
protocol based on the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) Remote Copy Protocol (RCP),
which runs on port 22 using the SSH Protocol. SEARCH ENGINE To Open a Website
Each browser shows an address bar where you can type the URL and press enter to open
E-LEARNING E-learning is teaching and learning through computer technology. It can
be done using desktops, laptops, smartphones, tabs, virtual boards, etc. Learning in an
electronic simulated environment is called e-learning.

Educational Support Websites

➢ https://www.khanacademy.org/
➢ https://www.youtube.com/user/CBSEChannel E-BANKING Electronic banking is a
universal term to define the use of banking products and services through electronic
delivery channels. The services under e-banking includes funds transfer, payment of bills,
opening online bank accounts, etc.
All services can be availed by customers by filling e-banking registration form and
submitting it to his/her bank. By doing this, customers will receive login credentials to
access their account online.
In e-banking, the electronic delivery channels are ATMs, mobile banking, telebanking, etc.
All banking services can be availed online. E-banking is also known as virtual banking,
online banking, doorstep banking or internet banking. Both bankers and the government
are promoting e-banking due to following benefits:
1. Fool proof– Less human errors as all transactions are done by automatic process.
2. Saves Paper – online transfers are easy and environment friendly.
3. Anytime anywhere banking.

E-RESERVATION E-reservation is the online booking of tickets by e-mail or through a

website. E-reservation can be done easily from anywhere using internet. E-reservations
require internet connection and a login ID and details of the person who requires
reservation such as date and time of travel, name, age, gender, etc. Payments can be
done online. Nowadays, we use e-reservation for booking the following:
E-SHOPPING E-shopping refers to online shopping. With the ease of use of technology,
all shopping activities can be done sitting at home. E-shopping offers customers the facility
to purchase products from a seller in real-time, browse and compare products, find
reviews, customer services like paying bills online and an exciting new online experience.
It is a form of e-commerce. E-shopping gives flexibility in the mode of payments as online
shoppers can pay through many options like:
Video Conferencing A meeting which is conducted using video and phone technologies
across remote locations is called video conferencing. In video conferencing, two people
or groups, based at different locations, can have visual conversation smoothly.

Internet: Internet refers to a global network that connects millions of computers or known
as the World Wide Web (WWW).
Server: Server is a special computer running software that provides a service to another
computer program or client.
Website: A website is a collection of interlinked webpages typically hosted from a single
domain.
Web portal: A web portal is a specially designed website that often serves as the single
point of access for information and links.
Blogs: Blogs are online dairies or journals. Newsgroup: A newsgroup is an internet-based
discussion forum.
Uploading: Uploading means to copy your data from a local computer to another remote
computer on the internet.
HTTPS: Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure is used for transferring data between the
client browser (request) and the web server (response) in the hypertext format, same as
in the case of HTTP except that the transferring of data is done in an encrypted form. E-
learning:
E-learning is teaching and learning using computer technology. E-groups: E-group is an
online community of people of similar interests. 4G: 4G stands for the fourth generation of
broadband cellular network technology.

SOCIAL NETWORKING Fast connectivity and advanced internet options have given a
new dimension to the way people connect with each other.
MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES: SMS, MMS, 3G, 4G The penetration of technology in every
realm of our lives is causing a paradigm shift from the physical world to a virtual world.
The internet-powered devices create an increasing demand for more data including audio
and video content.
This convergence is made possible by the GPRS technology.
The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is the first move towards implementing 3G
networks. It is a service that allows information to be sent and received across a mobile
telephone network. GPRS is the current enhancement in the Global System for Mobile
Communication (GSM) cellular infrastructure, capable of handling Internet Protocol (IP)
traffic for cellular mobile-computing and communication.
A descendant to 2G and 3G technologies is 4G which aims, to provide high data transfer
rates. Fourth Generation (4G) is a big step up from 3G and is capable to provide up to 10
times faster connectivity than the 3G service. While 3G used WiMax and Wi-Fi as separate
wireless technologies, 4G combined these two technologies to give an augmented
performance.
The 4G services offer faster connectivity to surf the web on mobile, tablets and laptops. It
is ideally suited for services which demand more capacity like video streaming, mapping,
social utilities, etc. Here, let us discuss some of the mobile technologies that we use,

Exercises
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1. _____________________ set of computer networks.
2. Internet works on ______________ switching.
3. The server on the internet is also known as ________________.
4. To access file from another computer on the internet is by _________________.
5. The name of the communication protocol used by the internet is _______________.
6. _____________________ protocol will be used to access WWW.
SHORT ANSWERTYPE QUESTIONS
1. What do you mean by remote login?
2. Name any two websites which are used to send e-mails.
3. Write one characteristic each for 3G and 4G.
4. What is the difference between HTTP and FTP?
5. How Facebook is different from Twitter?
6. Write the full of: HTTPS, SCP, SSH and Telnet.
7. What is chatting?
8. Explain HTTPs.
9. Differentiate between static and dynamic webpages.
0. Differentiate between website and web portal.
LONG ANSWERTYPE QUESTIONS
1. Explain e-group.
2. Mention some disadvantages of an e-mail.
3. What are the benefits of video conferencing?
4. List the benefits of e-learning.
5. List some advantage and disadvantages of an e-mail.
6. Mention the benefits of social networking.
7. Write a short note on reservation.
8. Define e-banking.
9. What are search engines?