Ideal Gas Law

Describing a sample of a gas

• 4 variables are needed to completely describe
a sample of a gas:

• Temperature
• Pressure
• Volume
• Amount (number of moles) of gas
 Equation of State
• An equation relating the macroscopic
variables that describe some type of matter.

• The ideal gas law is an equation of state for

gases.
 Boyle’s Law Graphs
Pressure vs. Volume Volume vs. 1/Pressure
Charles’ Law Graph
Gay-Lussac’s Law Graph
Avogadro’s Law
 Recall
Boyle’s Law Charles’ Law Avogadro’s
Law
V  1/P V  T (Kelvin) Vn

Constant T, n Constant P, n Constant T, P

So V  1/P X n X T
 Ideal Gas Law
• To turn a proportionality into an equation,
insert a constant: V = RnT/P
• Or multiply both sides by P:
• PV = nRT where R is the ideal gas law
constant. If three of the variables are known,
the 4th can be determined.

• The units of R depend on the units used for P,

T, and V.
 Units of R
• Two common values of R:

• 0.08206 LiterAtm
MoleK

• 8.314 Joules or 8.314 LiterKPa

MoleK MoleK
 Problem-Solving
• Most commonly used value of R:
• 0.08206 LiterAtm
MoleK
• Note:
• Pressure must be in atm
• Volume must be in liters
• Temperature must be in Kelvins
 Ideal Gas Law

PV
PV == nRT
nRT
Brings together gas properties.

Can be derived from experiment and theory.

 Ideal Gas Equation

Volume Universal Gas Constant

Pressure
PV=nRT Temperature
No. of moles

R = 0.0821 atm L / mol K

R = 8.314 kPa L / mol K

Kelter, Carr, Scott, Chemistry A Wolrd of Choices 1999, page 366

 PV = nRT
Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)
P = pressure
V = volume
T = temperature (Kelvin) T = 0 oC or 273 K
n = number of moles
R = gas constant P = 1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 760 mm Hg

Solve for constant (R) 1 mol = 22.4 L @ STP

PV
nT Recall: 1 atm = 101.3 kPa

Substitute values:

(1 atm) (22.4 L) = R R = 0.0821 atm L (101.3 kPa) = 8.31 kPa L

(1 mole)(273 K) mol K ( 1 atm) mol K

R = 0.0821 atm L / mol K or R = 8.31 kPa L / mol K

 Ideal Gas Law
What is the volume that 500 g of iodine will occupy under the conditions:
Temp = 300oC and Pressure = 740 mm Hg?
Step 1) Write down given information.
Step 2) Equation: PV = nRT
mass = 500 g iodine
T = 300oC Step 3) Solve for variable
P = 740 mm Hg nRT
R = 0.0821 atm . L / mol . K V =
P

Step 4) Substitute in numbers and solve

(500 g)(0.0821 atm . L / mol . K)(300oC)
V = 740 mm Hg

V=
What MISTAKES did we make in this problem?
 What mistakes did we make in this problem?
What is the volume that 500 g of iodine will occupy under the conditions:
Temp = 300oC and Pressure = 740 mm Hg?

Step 1) Write down given information.

mass = 500 g iodine  Convert mass to gram;
recall iodine is diatomic (I2)
x mol I2 = 500 g I2(1mol I2 / 254 g I2)
n = 1.9685 mol I2

T = 300oC Temperature must be converted to Kelvin

T = 300oC + 273
T = 573 K

P = 740 mm Hg Pressure needs to have same unit as R;

therefore, convert pressure from mm Hg to atm.
x atm = 740 mm Hg (1 atm / 760 mm Hg)
P = 0.8 atm

R = 0.0821 atm . L / mol . K

 Ideal Gas Law
What is the volume that 500 g of iodine will occupy under the conditions:
Temp = 300oC and Pressure = 740 mm Hg?
Step 1) Write down given information.
Step 2) Equation: PV = nRT
mass = 500 g iodine
n = 1.9685 mol I2 Step 3) Solve for variable
T = 573 K (300oC) nRT
V =
P = 0.9737 atm (740 mm Hg) P
R = 0.0821 atm . L / mol . K
V=?L

Step 4) Substitute in numbers and solve

(1.9685 mol)(0.0821 atm . L / mol . K)(573 K)
V = 0.9737 atm

V = 95.1 L I2
 Ideal Gas Law
What is the volume that 500 g of iodine will occupy under the conditions:
Temp = 300oC and Pressure = 740 mm Hg?
Step 1) Write down given information.
Step 2) Equation: PV = nRT
mass = 500 g iodine
T = 300oC Step 3) Solve for variable
P = 740 mm Hg nRT
R = 0.0821 atm . L / mol . K V =
P

Step 4) Substitute in numbers and solve

(500 g)(0.0821 atm . L / mol . K)(300oC)
V = 740 mm Hg

V=
What MISTAKES did we make in this problem?
 Ideal Gas Law Problems
• What pressure is exerted by 0.75 moles of a
gas at 25C in a container with a volume of 1.5
L?
• Find the volume of 0.85 moles of gas at a
pressure of 520 torr and a temperature of
15C.
• How many moles of gas are present in a
sample at 700 torr, 333C, and occupying a
volume of 452 mL?
Extensions of Ideal Gas Law Problems
• PV = nRT

• n = mass
formula mass

• Density = mass
volume
 Memorize the three fundamental
equations.
• Substitute and rearrange as problem
demands.

• PV = nRT or PV = massRT
formula mass
• Rearrange to solve for mass or density
volume
• (Pformula mass) = mass/volume = density
RT
 Formula mass (Identity) of gas
• Formula mass = massRT
PV

• Or formula mass = densityRT

P
 Density of a gas
• At STP, density of a gas = molar mass/22.4 L

• This is an easy relationship but it is only true

at STP!!!
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
• For a mixture of gases:

• Ptot = P1 + P2 + P3 + …

• The total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum

of the partial pressures of the component
gases. The pressure exerted by each gas in an
unreactive mixture is independent of the
other gases in the mixture.
 Addition or Subtraction Problems
• Three gases, He, N2, and Ar are present in a
gas mixture. The partial pressure of He is 360
torr, of N2 is 400 torr, and of Ar is 250 torr.
Find the total pressure.

• Ar is added to the above mixture until the

total pressure is 1200 torr. Find the new
pressure of the Argon.
Collecting Gas by Water Displacement
Ketika ketinggian air
di dalam dan di luar
bejana terbalik
sama, tekanan total
di dalam bejana di
atas air sama
dengan tekanan
atmosfer.
Sometimes gases are collected by
water displacement C H (g) + H O(g)
2 2 2
Line up the water levels!
 Ptot = Pgas + Pwater
• The volume of gas collects above the water,
but some of the water molecules evaporate
and go into the gas phase as well.
• The vapor pressure of water depends only on
the temperature. Look it up in a reference
table and then subtract it from the total
pressure.
 Extension of Dalton’s Law
• Since PV = nRT then
• Ptot = ntotRT & for each component, Pi = niRT
V V
Pi = niRT/V
Ptot ntotRT/V

Which reduces to Pi / Ptot = ni / ntot

 Mole Fraction
• ni / ntot is called the mole fraction = I

• Pi = (ni / ntot)Ptot
 Effusion

gas vacuum
 Effusion
• Proses di mana molekul gas yang terkurung
dalam wadah secara acak melewati lubang kecil
di wadah.

• Tingkat efusi dapat digunakan untuk menentukan

massa molar gas.

• Energi kinetik molekul dalam gas hanya

bergantung pada suhu dan sama dengan ½ mv2.
 Effusion
Dua gas pada T yang sama memiliki
Ek rata-rata yang sama:
Note: V ini
adalah
½ M1V12 = ½ M2V22 kecepatan
molekul,
V12 = M 2 BUKAN
volume
V22 M1
wadah.
 Effusion
Two gases at the same T have the
same average Ek:

½ M1V12 = ½ M2V22
 Graham’s Law of Effusion
• Tingkat efusi gas pada tekanan dan suhu yang
sama berbanding terbalik dengan akar
kuadrat dari massa molarnya.

• Gas yang lebih berat bergerak lebih lambat.

 Effusion
• Recall: the faster you are going, the less time
it takes you to get somewhere.
 Diffusion
• Pencampuran bertahap dari dua atau lebih
molekul karena gerakannya yang spontan dan
acak.
Gas berada dalam gerakan acak
yang konstan dan cenderung
bergerak dari daerah dengan
konsentrasi lebih tinggi ke daerah
dengan konsentrasi lebih rendah.
Diffusion
Molecular speed and Temperature
Molecular speed and mass