Obtaining and Disseminating

Information Effectively

Presented by Group 6
 TOPICS

Topic 1: What is information?

Topic 2: Why do we need information?
Topic 3: How do we obtain information?
Topic 4: How do we validate information?
Topic 5: Argumentation and Debate
 WHAT IS
• INFORMATION?
Information is the processed meaningful presentation of data or
knowledge. It contains a range of things such, as facts, statistics,
opinions, ideas, news and more. In our era information is easily
accessible through channels including books, articles, websites, social
media platforms and conversations.

• knowledge gained through study, communication, research, instruction,

etc.; factual data:
 TYPES OF INFORMATION
• Factual information is information that solely deals with facts. It is short and
non-explanatory.

• Analytical information is the interpretation of factual information.

• Subjective information is information from only one point of

view. Opinions are subjective.

• Objective information is information that is understood from multiple

viewpoints and presents all sides of an argument.
 WHY DO WE NEED
INFORMATION?
INFORMATION IS AN ESSENTIAL
COMPONENT OF OUR DAILY LIVES, AND
THE NEED FOR INFORMATION IS
PERVASIVE ACROSS VARIOUS
DOMAINS. FROM PERSONAL GROWTH
TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ACCESS
TO RELEVANT AND ACCURATE
NEEDS OF INFORMATION
Decision-making: Access to
accurate and timely information
can help individuals and
organizations make informed
decisions that can positively
impact their lives and
businesses.
 Learning and Education
Students and professionals
need access to relevant and
accurate information to
keep up with the latest
trends, ideas, and theories
in their respective fields.
Innovation and Creativity
By staying current on the
latest research and trends in a
field, individuals and
organizations can find new
ways to solve problems and
create value for their
customers.
 Communication
Access to information
can help individuals
understand other
perspectives and
communicate more
effectively.
 Personal Growth
By accessing the
information on topics that
interest them, individuals
can develop new skills,
learn about new cultures,
and expand their horizons.
 Safety and Security

Law enforcement agencies,

government organizations, and
businesses need access to
information to identify potential
threats and prevent harm
Economic Development
Businesses need access
to information on
market trends,
consumer behavior,
and the latest
technologies to stay
competitive and grow.
 Health and Wellness
Individuals need
accurate and reliable
information to make
informed decisions
about their health and
well-being.
Social and Cultural Development
Individuals and organizations
need access to information
on different cultures,
histories, and traditions to
build understanding and
promote social cohesion.
Importance of
Information
Access to relevant and accurate information can
provide significant benefits, from making
informed decisions to achieving business
objectives. The importance of information
cannot be overstated, and it is essential to
understand how access to information can
impact various domains.
HOW DO WE
OBTAIN
INFORMATION?
SOURCES OF information

INFORMATION
SOURCES OF
PERSONAL

Personal sources are those sources that provide

information directly from individuals.

PUBLIC

Public sources are those resources that provide

information that is publicly available.
PERSONAL
• Our own observations and
experiences
• Our conversations with friends,
family, and colleagues
• Books, articles, and other written
materials
• Educational institutions
• Religious institutions
• Community groups
PERSONAL SOURCES

Personal sources can be valuable because they provide

firsthand accounts and insights into a topic. However,
they can also be biased or inaccurate, as they may
reflect the personal opinions or beliefs of the individual.
It is important to be aware of the limitations of personal
sources and to cross-check information from multiple
sources.
 PUBLIC
• News organizations
• Government agencies
• Scientific journals
• Academic databases
• Non-profit organizations
• Online encyclopedias
PUBLIC SOURCES

Public sources are generally considered to be more

reliable than personal sources, as they are subject
to editorial review and fact-checking. However, it
is still important to be critical of the information
we find in public sources, as there may be biases or
errors.
COMMON SOURCES OF

COMMON SOURCES
INFORMATION

• News organizations
• Government agencies
• Scientific journals
• Academic databases:
• Online encyclopedias
• Educational resources
• Expert opinions
HOW DO WE
OBTAIN
INFORMATION?
OBSERVATION
We gain knowledge through our own
experiences, both physical and mental.
We gather information through our
senses, such as sight, sound, touch,
taste, and smell. We can also observe
the actions and behaviors of others to
learn about their thoughts and feelings.
 EXPERIMENTATION
Experimentation is a more controlled way
to gather information. We manipulate
variables in a controlled setting to observe
the effects of those changes. This can be
done in a laboratory, in the field, or even
in our own homes.
INTERVIEWING
& SURVEYS Interviewing is a way to gather
information from people. We can ask
people about their experiences,
opinions, and beliefs to learn more
about their perspectives. Interviewing
can be done in person, over the phone,
or through online surveys.
 READING
Reading is a way to learn about the world
through the written word. We can read
books, articles, and other written materials
to learn about history, science, literature,
and more.
RESEARCH
Research is a systematic and organized
way to gather information. We develop
a research plan, collect data, and
analyze our findings to answer a
specific question or solve a problem.
Research can be done in a variety of
fields, including science, social
sciences, and humanities.
 TECHNOLOGY
Technology has revolutionized the way
we gather information. We can now
access information from around the world
at our fingertips through the internet. We
can also use technology to collect and
analyze data, and to communicate with
others.
SOCIAL MEDIA
Social media is a platform for sharing
information and connecting with
others. We can use social media to
learn about news, events, and trends.
We can also use social media to
connect with friends and family, and to
build relationships with others.
 EXPERIMENTATION
Experimentation is a more controlled way
to gather information. We manipulate
variables in a controlled setting to observe
the effects of those changes. This can be
done in a laboratory, in the field, or even
in our own homes.
HOW DO WE OBTAIN
INFORMATION?
There are various methods which we can obtain information.

• By conducting interviews and surveys wherein subject matter experts or, by

carrying out surveys or observations.
• By conducting research where conduct research using books from libraries,
academic journals or databases online.
• By using social media and news in order to follow news sources well as
experts on social media platforms to stay updated on current events and
emerging trends.
• Online Sources where the use of search engines to find information
online. However it's important to exercise caution and verify the
reliability of the sources.
HOW DO WE VALIDATE
INFORMATION?
©2023 Stevenson University

• AUTHORITY • ACCURACY

• COVERAGE • CURRENCY
ARGUMENTATION
AND DEBATE
Argumentation is the process of presenting arguments,
claims, or reasons with the goal of persuading others to
accept or agree with a particular point of view. It
involves the use of evidence, logic, and reasoning to
support a position and counter opposing viewpoints.
ARGUMENTATIO
N
ARGUMENTATI
ON
process of presenting argume nts, claims, or
reasons with the goal of persua ding othe rs to
accept or agree with a partic ula r point of
view. It involves the use of e vidence , logic ,
and reasoning to support a position and
counter opposing viewpoints.
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE
ARGUMENTATION
01 CLAIM

02 REASONING

03 EVIDENCE

04 COUNTERARGUMENT

05 REBUTTAL

06 LOGICAL FALLACIES

07 CREDIBILITY
CLAIM
The main point or
assertion that the
arguer is trying to
convince others to
accept.
REASONING
The logical connections made between
the evidence and the claim. This is
often where the arguer explains why
the evidence supports the claim.
EXAMPLE
A lib eral arts ed ucati on p rep ares
stu dent s b est .

Liberal arts is best [claim]

because it teaches students
independent thinking [reason]
EVIDENCE
Supporting information,
facts, data, examples, or
expert opinions that
strengthen the validity of the
claim.
COUNTERARGUME
Anticipating and addressing opposing viewpoints or potential objections to the

NT
claim. This adds credibility to the argument by acknowledging and refuting
alternative perspectives.
Responding to
counterarguments by
providing additional
evidence or clarifying
the original claim.
REB UTTAL
Establishing the
trustworthiness and
expertise of the arguer
and their sources of
Avoiding common errors in evidence.
reasoning that can weaken an
argument. Examples include
ad hominem attacks, straw
man arguments, and slippery
CREDIBILITY
slope reasoning.

LOGICAL
FALLACIES
 OTHER PRINCIPLES:
Clarity & Organization Tone Audience Awareness
Presenting the argument Using an appropriate and respectful tone helps to Tailoring the argument to
in a clear and organized engage the audience and enhances the the specific needs, values,
manner helps the audience persuasiveness of the argument. and beliefs of the target
follow the logic and audience increases the
understand the points likelihood of persuading
being made. them.
 CONCLUSION
Whether in written or spoken form, effective
argumentation is a valuable skill in various
contexts, including academic writing, debates,
discussions, and everyday conversations. It
requires critical thinking, careful analysis, and
the ability to communicate ideas persuasively.
DEBATE
WHAT IS
DEBATE?
DEBATE
Debate is a formal
discussion or argument in
which two or more people
oppose each other's views.
DEBATE
Debates are often held in a
structured setting, with rules and
procedures that govern the
discussion.
DEBATE
Debaters take turns presenting their
arguments, "attacking" their
opponent's arguments, and
defending their own.
DEBATE
Debaters take turns presenting their
arguments, "attacking" their
opponent's arguments, and
defending their own.
PARTS OF A DEBATE

01 OPENING STATEMENTS

02 REBUTTALS

03 QUESTION & ANSWER SESSIONS

04 CLOSING STATEMENTS
1. OPENING
STATEMENTS
The opening statements are the first
speeches in a debate. They are given by
the two opposing sides, and they are used
to introduce the main arguments of each
side. The opening statements are usually
3-5 minutes long.
1. OPENING
• The affirmative team presents their arguments for why
STATEMENTS
the motion should be passed.
• The negative team presents their arguments for why
the motion should not be passed.
2. REBUTTALS
The rebuttals are the second speeches in a
debate. They are given by the two
opposing sides, and they are used to
respond to the arguments of the other
side. The rebuttals are usually 2-3
minutes long.
2. REBUTTALS
• The affirmative team rebuttals the negative team's
arguments.
• The negative team rebuttals the affirmative team's
arguments.
3. QUESTION & ANSWER
SESSIONS
The question and answer sessions are
optional, but they are often included in
debates. They are a chance for the
debaters to answer questions from the
audience or the moderator.
3. QUESTION & ANSWER
SESSIONS
• The audience or moderator asks questions of the
debaters.
• The debaters answer the questions.
4. CLOSING STATEMENTS
The closing statements are the last
speeches in a debate. They are given by
the two opposing sides, and they are used
to summarize the main arguments of each
side. The closing statements are usually
2-3 minutes long.
4. CLOSING STATEMENTS
• Both opposing teams summarize their arguments
IMPORTANCE OF DEBATES
Debates can be a valuable way to learn
about different perspectives on an issue.
They can also help you to develop your
critical thinking and communication
skills.
HOW TO DEBATE
EFFECTIVELY?
HOW TO DEBATE EFFECTIVELY?
THERE ARE A NUMBER OF THINGS YOU CAN DO TO DEBATE
EFFECTIVELY:

01 DO YOUR RESEARCH AND BE PREPARED.

02 PRESENT YOUR ARGUMENTS CLEARLY AND CONCISELY.

03 LISTEN CAREFULLY TO YOUR OPPONENT'S ARGUMENTS.

04 BE RESPECTFUL OF YOUR OPPONENT.

05 BE OPEN TO CHANGING YOUR MIND IF YOU ARE PRESENTED

WITH NEW EVIDENCE.