Lesson 1. Ionic Bonding

Thursday 23 November 2023
Unit 3: Bonding
The nature of Ionic Bonding
100% Quiz:
1. State the 4 stages of mass spec in the correct order (5).
2. State the equation for first ionisation energy. (1)
3. State the definition of successive ionisation energies. (1)
4. Which electron sub shells can be found in energy levels 1,
2, 3 and 4. (4)
5. State Hund’s rule. (1)
6. Define ‘Mole’. (1)
7. What is an ideal gas? (1)
8. What is the equation for Relative atomic mass (Ar)? (1)
9. What is the equation for atom economy? (1)
10.What are the units included in the ideal gas equation? (4)
What do
you
remember
about Ionic
Bonding?
Thursday 23 November 2023
Unit 3: Bonding
The nature of Ionic Bonding
Learning objectives:
Describe Explain Predict
how ions form and Properties of ionic the formula of simple
how they attract compounds from their ions and write the
each other structures formula of ionic
compounds.
Grade C Grade B Grade A
Specification Skills
Reference: Application of knowledge:
•AO2 - Apply knowledge and understanding
3.1.3.1
Describe how ions form and how they attract each other Grade C 23 November 2023
Explain Properties of ionic compounds from their structures Grade B
Predict the formula of simple ions and write the formula of ionic Spec 3.1.3.1
compounds. Grade A p44-45 online book
Key Words: ionic, electrostatic forces, ion, ionic formulae
Why do chemical bonds form?
Bonds between atom always involve their outer shell

electrons
When atoms bond together they share or transfer

electrons to achieve a more stable configuration of
electrons – often a full outer main energy level of
electrons
This helps explain why noble gases are the most

unreactive elements: because of their full outer
energy levels
Ionic bonding: Metal and non-metal
1. Metals have 1, 2, or 3 electrons in their main outer

energy level
2. The easiest way for them to obtain ‘noble gas’ electron

configuration is to lose their outer electrons
3. Non-metals have spaces in their out energy levels
4. The easiest way for them to achieve the electrons

structure of a noble gas is to gain electrons
Ionic bonding, example

Ionic bonding in sodium chloride
Sodium (2,8,1) has 1 electron more than a stable noble gas structure
(2,8). If it gave away that electron it would become more stable.
Chlorine (2,8,7) has 1 electron short of a stable noble gas structure

(2,8,8). If it could gain an electron from somewhere it too would
become more stable.
The answer is obvious. If a sodium atom gives an electron to a chlorine

atom, both become more stable.
Na Cl
Cl
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p56

The two ions are attracted to each other and to
other oppositely charged ions in the sodium
chloride compound by electrostatic forces
Sometimes the atoms involved need to lose or gain

more than 1 electron...
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 1s2 2s2 2p6
1s2 2s2 2p4

Sometimes the atoms involved need to lose or gain

more than 1 electron...
Draw a picture on
your whiteboards
to show what you
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 think happens....
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
2 2 6 2 5
Identify the ionic compounds from the following formulae

and explain why:
CO KF CaO HF
Draw dot and cross diagrams for the following ionic bonds:
1. Magnesium oxide
2. Calcium sulphide
3. Calcium chloride
4. Magnesium fluoride
Writing the formula of ionic compounds
To work out the formula of an ionic compound we need to

know the ions it is made of
HOWEVER...
When an ionic compound forms, the overall charge MUST
be neutral
That means all +/- charges must be balanced out

Step 1
Look at the name of a given compound and work out the

elements it is made of:
Lithium oxide is made of lithium and oxygen atoms

Sodium chloride is made of sodium and chlorine atoms
Step 2
You can work out the charges on ions using the periodic
table....
Atoms of group 1 elements ALWAYS form 1+ ions e.g. Li+

Atoms of group 2 elements ALWAYS form 2+ ions e.g. Mg2+
Atoms of group 7 elements form 1- ions e.g. Cl -

Atoms of group 6 elements form 2- ions e.g. O2-
You will have a periodic table and data sheet of common
ions in the exam

Step 3
Work out how many ions you need in the formula to make
sure all charges are cancelled out:
e.g. Sodium chloride is made of sodium and chlorine

they form Na+ and Cl- ions
each ion has a 1 – or + charge
therefore I need ONE OF EACH ION to cancel out
the charges
so the formula of sodium chloride must be NaCl

Another example:
Potassium oxide is made of potassium and oxygen

they form K+ and O2- ions
K has a 1+ charge BUT O has a 2- charge
therefore I need 2 K ATOMS to cancel out the 2-

CHARGE FROM THE O ATOM
so the formula of POTASSIUM OXIDE must be

K20
Ionic compound Ratio of ions in Formula of

compound to compound
balance charges
Lithium chloride Li+ : Cl-
1:1
Magnesium oxide Mg2+ : O2-
Calcium chloride
5 The element nitrogen forms compounds with metals and non-metals.
5 (a) Nitrogen forms a nitride ion with the electron configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6
Write the formula of the nitride ion.
(1 mark)
5 (b) An element forms an ion Q with a single negative charge that has the same electron
configuration as the nitride ion.
Identify the ion Q.
(1 mark)
5 (c) Use the Periodic Table and your knowledge of electron arrangement to write the
formula of lithium nitride.
(1 mark)
5 (d) Calcium nitride contains 81.1% by mass of the metal.
Calculate the empirical formula of calcium nitride.
Show your working.
(3 marks)
5 (e) Write an equation for the reaction between silicon and nitrogen to form
silicon nitride, Si3N4
(1 mark)

Property Reason
Solid at room temperature
High melting/boiling points
Conduct electricity when

molten or in solution
Brittle and shatter easily
Property Reason
Solid at room temperature Strong electrostatic attractions
between the positive and negative
ions, form a crystal lattice.
High melting/boiling points Ions are held together by strong

electrostatic forces. It takes a lot of
energy to overcome these forces, so
the melting/boiling point is high.
Conduct electricity when Ions in the liquid are free to move

(they carry a charge). In a solid they
molten or in solution are fixed in position.
Brittle and shatter easily When a stress is applied ions of the

same charge are brought side by side
and so repel each other.
Research Question:
Which of the following ionic compounds have the highest

and lowest melting points: sodium chloride, potassium
chloride; magnesium chloride – explain your reasoning
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/ionic.html#top
5 The element nitrogen forms compounds with metals and non-metals.
5 (a) Nitrogen forms a nitride ion with the electron configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6
Write the formula of the nitride ion.
(1 mark)
5 (b) An element forms an ion Q with a single negative charge that has the same electron
configuration as the nitride ion.
Identify the ion Q.
(1 mark)
5 (c) Use the Periodic Table and your knowledge of electron arrangement to write the
formula of lithium nitride.
(1 mark)
5 (d) Calcium nitride contains 81.1% by mass of the metal.
Calculate the empirical formula of calcium nitride.
Show your working.
(3 marks)
5 (e) Write an equation for the reaction between silicon and nitrogen to form
silicon nitride, Si3N4
(1 mark)

Lesson 1. Ionic Bonding

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Thursday 23 November 2023

Key Words: ionic, electrostatic forces, ion, ionic formulae

Why do chemical bonds form?

Bonds between atom always involve their outer shell

When atoms bond together they share or transfer

This helps explain why noble gases are the most

Key Words: ionic, electrostatic forces, ion, ionic formulae

Ionic bonding: Metal and non-metal

1. Metals have 1, 2, or 3 electrons in their main outer

2. The easiest way for them to obtain ‘noble gas’ electron

3. Non-metals have spaces in their out energy levels

4. The easiest way for them to achieve the electrons

Key Words: ionic, electrostatic forces, ion, ionic formulae

Ionic bonding, example

Chlorine (2,8,7) has 1 electron short of a stable noble gas structure

The answer is obvious. If a sodium atom gives an electron to a chlorine

Key Words: ionic, electrostatic forces, ion, ionic formulae

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p56

Key Words: ionic, electrostatic forces, ion, ionic formulae

Sometimes the atoms involved need to lose or gain

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2

1s2 2s2 2p6 1s2 2s2 2p6

1s2 2s2 2p4

Key Words: ionic, electrostatic forces, ion, ionic formulae

Sometimes the atoms involved need to lose or gain

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

Key Words: ionic, electrostatic forces, ion, ionic formulae

Identify the ionic compounds from the following formulae

Key Words: ionic, electrostatic forces, ion, ionic formulae

Writing the formula of ionic compounds

To work out the formula of an ionic compound we need to

That means all +/- charges must be balanced out

Key Words: ionic, electrostatic forces, ion, ionic formulae

Writing the formula of ionic compounds

Look at the name of a given compound and work out the

Lithium oxide is made of lithium and oxygen atoms

Key Words: ionic, electrostatic forces, ion, ionic formulae

Writing the formula of ionic compounds

Atoms of group 1 elements ALWAYS form 1+ ions e.g. Li+

Atoms of group 7 elements form 1- ions e.g. Cl -

Key Words: ionic, electrostatic forces, ion, ionic formulae

Writing the formula of ionic compounds

e.g. Sodium chloride is made of sodium and chlorine

Key Words: ionic, electrostatic forces, ion, ionic formulae

Writing the formula of ionic compounds

Potassium oxide is made of potassium and oxygen

K has a 1+ charge BUT O has a 2- charge

therefore I need 2 K ATOMS to cancel out the 2-

so the formula of POTASSIUM OXIDE must be

Key Words: ionic, electrostatic forces, ion, ionic formulae

Ionic compound Ratio of ions in Formula of

Key Words: ionic, electrostatic forces, ion, ionic formulae

Key Words: ionic, electrostatic forces, ion, ionic formulae

High melting/boiling points

Conduct electricity when

Key Words: ionic, electrostatic forces, ion, ionic formulae

High melting/boiling points Ions are held together by strong

Conduct electricity when Ions in the liquid are free to move

Brittle and shatter easily When a stress is applied ions of the

Key Words: ionic, electrostatic forces, ion, ionic formulae

Which of the following ionic compounds have the highest