REVIEW OF MODELING,

MANAGEMENT, AND
APPLICATIONS OF GRID-CONNECTED
LI-ION BATTERY STORAGE SYSTEMS

PRESENTED BY :
ANAGH RS GUIDE :
LVDA20EE028 ASST. PROF. HEMANTH JAISON
S7 - EEE EEE DEPARTMENT

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CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION
• LITERATURE SURVEY
• FUNDAMENTALS OF LI-ION BATTERY
• EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT BATTERY MODELING METHODS
• MANAGEMENT OF GRID CONNECTED BATTERY ENERGY
SYSTEM
• PARTICIPATION OF BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM IN
ELECTRICITY MARKETS
• GLOBAL BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE PROJECTS
• CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTING AND MANAGING GRID-
CONNECTED BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM
• CONCLUSION 2
 INTRODUCTION
• Renewable energy is crucial, making up 22% of global
electricity.
• Solar and wind are becoming the main power sources.
• Tools are improving for solar and wind, but errors still
happen.
• Energy storage is key for smoothly using these
renewables in the grid

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• BESSs can be installed almost anywhere.

• Li-ion batteries are popular for their high energy

density, fast charging, reliability, portability, and
compact size.

• This review guides readers and researchers in

managing grid-connected battery systems,
covering key aspects of Li-ion battery technology.
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 LITERATURE SURVEY
1)State-of-the-Art and Energy Management System of Lithium-Ion Batteries in
Electric Vehicle Applications: Issues and Recommendations by Mahammad A.
Hannan; Md. Murshadul Hoque; Aini Hussain; Yushaizad Yusof; Pin Jern Ker
(IEEE):
• Lithium-ion batteries are the best for electric cars. They're good for the
environment, but we need to make them cheaper and safer.
• This paper talks about how these batteries work and ways to improve them. It
also explains a system to make them work even better in cars.
• This review gives suggestions to make even better batteries for future electric
cars.

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2.Classification and Review of the Charging Strategies for Commercial
Lithium-Ion Batteries by Yizhao Gao; Xi Zhang; Qiyu Cheng; Bangjun Guo;
Jun Yang (IEEE):
• As more electric vehicles use lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, there's a need for
better ways to charge them quickly and reliably without harming the battery.

• Many efforts have gone into finding the best charging methods for these
batteries. This paper reviews studies on creating smart charging plans for
Li-ion batteries.

• The paper ends by talking about the challenges and what the future might
hold for making charging even better for commercial Li-ion batteries.

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 FUNDAMENTALS OF LI-ION
BATTERY
• This part discusses advances in Li-ion battery
materials.
• Lithium batteries are favored for being light and
electropositive.
• A battery has cells with negative and positive
electrodes separated by an electrolyte.
• A separator divides the cathode and anode.

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• Graphite is the main anode, but silicon, metal
oxides, and alloys are being studied for higher
capacity.
• Li-Mn-O spinels were an early choice and are still
used, despite lower capacity.
• LiFePO4 batteries have steady discharge and
specific capacity.
• Solid-state electrolytes offer cheaper, faster, and
safer charging
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LI-ION BATTERIES WITH THREE DIFFERENT
CATHODE MATERIALS :

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 EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT BATTERY
MODELING METHODS :
• The battery models from the can be divided into
1) Electrochemical model
2) Equivalent-circuit model
3) Empirical models model

• The focus is given to electrical circuit models while

the other two approaches are reviewed.
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ELECTROCHEMICAL MODEL :
• Electrochemical models give detailed battery
insights during charge and discharge.
• They use complex equations for accuracy.
• However, they're too computationally demanding
for real-time use in systems like energy
management.

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EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODEL :
• ECMs use resistors and capacitors to model
batteries.
• They're balanced for real-time use, with simplicity
and accuracy.
• ECMs are popular for their few settings and
compatibility with other models

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EMPIRICAL MODEL :
• Empirical models use simple linear functions for
charging and discharging.
• They are widely used in grid-connected energy
storage due to their simplicity.
• However, they may be less accurate than other
models because they don't consider internal battery
dynamics

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DIFFERENT BATTERY MODELING
METHODS :

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• Li-ion batteries are popular for energy storage.
• The widely used model is Dual Polarization or Two-
Time Constant (TTC).
• Adding more circuits makes the model better.
• The figure below shows key elements like Voc, ib,
Vb, and Ro.

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• Ro causes quick voltage changes.
• R1 to Rn are like leaks, and C1 to Cn are like batteries
that can charge and discharge.
• In a TTC model, R1 and C1 are like a slow battery, while
R2 and C2 are like a fast battery in how they respond.
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MANAGEMENT OF GRID CONNECTED BATTERY
ENERGY SYSTEM
• A BMS manages battery status and safety at
different levels.
• It includes sensors, controllers, and actuators.
• Its main goal is to ensure safe battery operation
and longevity.
• A reliable BMS boosts grid-connected BESS
growth.

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 FEATURES EXPECTED FROM BATTERY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM :
Cell Balancing :
• Cell balancing evens out cell voltages and charge levels
when fully charged.
1. Passive balancing
2. Active balancing

• Passive balancing has more losses and thermal issues.

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Thermal Management :
• Li-ion batteries work best between 15-35°C.
• Battery aging is mainly caused by thermal and charge
imbalances.
• There are two types of cooling for batteries.

1. Air cooling
2. Liquid cooling

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• Phase Change Materials (PCM): PCM absorbs heat
efficiently but has low thermal conductivity at room
temperature.

• Heat Pipe: This device maximizes heat transfer between

solid interfaces, commonly used in electronics and
occasionally in battery packs.

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• SOC Estimation : This is all about figuring out how much energy is
left in the battery. It's vital for knowing both immediate energy
availability and how long the battery will last. The methods for
SOC estimation are

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• SOH Estimation : Knowing the SOH gives vital info on battery and
system performance, efficiency, and reliability. Methods for SOH
estimation are:

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 PARTICIPATION OF BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE
SYSTEM IN ELECTRICITY MARKETS
• BESSs must join electricity markets to offer services and cover their
initial costs. This includes functions like capacity reserve and
regulation.
Incorporation of BESS for Electricity Market Services:
• When an entity has multiple BESSs, they need to coordinate. This
means finding the best way to use them while considering factors like
state of charge and aging.
• Optimization strategies help plan battery use over different timeframes,
considering its energy capacity.
• The BESS provider offers a regulation plan to the system operator.
• The operator settles the market, and the participant receives
instructions to adjust battery use.
• The BESS makes the changes, and the inverter responds. 23
Electricity Market Regulations on Energy Storage : Old market
rules don't fully accommodate modern storage. Countries are
updating regulations to allow ESS participation in energy markets.
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GLOBAL BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE
PROJECTS
• Major projects are in the United States, Europe (especially
Germany), Japan, China, South Korea, and Australia.
• China has used BESS for Automatic Generation Control (AGC)
within coal-fired power plants.
• In 2015, a Japanese utility installed a 40 MW/20 MWh BESS for a
demonstration project focused on frequency regulation control.

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• In Oki Islands, Japan, a BESS with Li-ion and sodium-
sulfur batteries improved supply flexibility.
• Europe's largest battery storage project (100 MW/100
MWh) at Minety plant in the UK is now connected to the
grid.
• The Dalian project in China is set to become the largest
Vanadium Redox Flow battery storage system, with a
capacity of 200 MW/800 MWh, and is nearing full
operation.

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 CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTING AND MANAGING
GRID-CONNECTED BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE
Smart BMS : SYSTEM
• A strong BMS is vital for battery systems, especially grid-connected ones.
• Getting accurate SOC and SOH readings is still a big challenge.
• Using real-world data, machine learning will be a major method for SOC and
SOH estimation.
• Another trend is making better sensors that can be placed inside battery cells
for more accurate readings, focusing on hardware improvement
Reliability Analysis of Grid-Connected BESS :
• Battery reliability is a big concern, especially in large-scale systems.
• Failures can have serious consequences, particularly in systems with many
cells.
• While there are established models for traditional power components, we need
similar models for large-scale BESSs.
• This includes reliable analysis tools for assessing their performance. 27
 Energy Management Tools for Power Systems With Grid-Connected BESS :
• BESS cost estimation is more intricate than for conventional generators.
• A comprehensive model should factor in investment, operation, maintenance, and
degradation costs, which depend on how the BESS is used.
• BESS can provide multiple grid services at once, like voltage support and spinning
reserve, responding to different signals.
• We need algorithms to smoothly blend BESS dispatch models with current energy
management systems for both planning and real-time operation.
Battery Safety :
• Safety is crucial for the Li-ion battery industry's growth, with research focused on fire
causes, suppression, and protection.
• Battery fire detection tools have received less attention.
• Research is needed for safer battery storage facility designs to boost grid resilience,
and for creating innovative tools to tackle battery fires
Battery Recycling and Repurposing of Used Batteries :
• Without careful production and usage, Li-ion battery waste could become a major
issue. Ongoing research and calls for proposals from the DOE highlight this 28
concern.
 CONCLUSION
• Battery storage is crucial for grid stability, offering
various benefits like balancing supply-demand,
regulating frequency, and enhancing reliability.
• Effective operation relies on well-designed circuits
and algorithms within a battery management
system, particularly for Li-ion batteries.
• Extensive reviews have examined the current state
of battery modeling, management, and applications
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