Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BY KOMAL GUL
Linnaean Classification System
• A way to impart order to a complex environment
Annelid: Polychaete
– Segmented bodies
Annelid: Earthworm
– No legs
– Appendages in the head
(jaws, feelers, etc.)
Annelid: Leech
Onychophorans: Velvet Worms
– Long, soft-bodied, carnivorous worms
– NEMATODES ( intestinal parasites)
– Head with eyes, rasping jaws
– Unjointed ‘lobopodia’
Image Source:
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/annelida/nereid.gif
Image Source:
http://www.britannica.com/eb/art-6767/Onychophoran
The Arthropod Phylum
• A phylum is a major group of organisms.
• Insects are a Class in the Phylum of
Arthropods.
• Characteristics of Arthropods Include:
– Segmented Bodies
– Jointed Legs
– Exoskeleton
– Open Circulatory System
– No Backbone
– Bi-lateral Symmetry
Phylogeny of
Major Groups
Defined by embryology
Blastopore becomes anus
Defined by:
Exoskeleton
Time Jointed legs
Major Groups of Arthropods
• Class Xiphosura
– Common Name: Horseshoe Crabs
• Class Arachnida
– Includes Scorpions, Spiders and Mites
• Subphylum Mandibulata
– Includes Crustaceans, Millipedes, Centipedes
• Class Insecta
Major Classes of Arthropods
Class Xiphosura
(Common Name: Horshoe Crabs)
• No antennae
• Two distinct body
divisions
– Body with broadly oval
shell and long, slender tail
– Abdomen with leaf-like
gills on ventral side
• First pair of appendages
are chelicera
• All are aquatic
Image Source:
http://paleo.cortland.edu/tutorial/Arthropods/Arthropod%20Images/horseshoe.GIF
Major Classes of Arthropods
Class Arachnida
• Two distinct body divisions
• 4 pair of legs
• First pair of appendages are chelicerae
• No antennae
Chelicerae
Segmented
Cephalothorax Abdomen
Pedipalps
Sting
Millipede
Symphylan Centipede
Major Classes of Arthropods
Class Insecta
Common Name: Insects!!!
• Phylum: Arthopoda
– Class: Insecta
• Order: Diptera (flies)
– Family: Asilidae
(robber flies)
Image Source:
http://pest.ca.uky.edu/EXT/Master_gardener/entbasics/introduction/introduction.shtml
Phylogeny of Major Classes
Trends History of Arthropods
• Segmented tube with parapodia (Annelids)
• Legs developed with muscles
(Onychophora)
• Segmented or jointed legs
(Arthropods)
• Tagmosis: division of body into specialized
units (Arthropods)
• Specialized leg units (Arthropods)
• Loss of leg pairs (Insecta)
Module Objectives
• Part I
– Explain the hierarchical classification system used in biology.
– Name the principle characteristics used to separate the phyla and
classes of insects and their relatives.
• Part II
– Review the general anatomy of insects
– Review the major types of insect life cycles, and the associated
stages of development.
– Review the common orders of insects.
• Part III
– Discuss insect collection techniques
– Current ecological research on pollinators in gardens
• Part IV
– How to diagnose insect problems
Insect External Anatomy
• 3 Body Regions
– Head: Sensory Center
– Thorax: Locomotory Center
– Abdomen: Reproductive
Center
Image Source:
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Zoology/Insects/InsectAnatomy/Introduction/insectanatomy.gif
Image Source:
http://pest.ca.uky.edu/EXT/Master_gardener/entbasics/introduction/introduction.shtml
Insect External Anatomy
Head
• Mouthparts (paired mandibles, maxillae and labium)
– Labrum/clypeus as ‘upper lip’
– Maxillary palp and labial palp are
both part of maxillae
Md = mandibles
Lr=labrum
Mx=maxillae
Chewing
Piercing/
Sucking Sucking/
Image Source:
http://www.answers.com/topic/evolution-insect-mouthparts-png Lapping
Insect External Anatomy
Head
• Antennae (1 pair)
• Compound Eyes (1 pair)
• Simple Eyes or Ocelli (3 total)
• Mouthparts (paired mandibles, maxillae and labium)
– Labrum/clypeus as ‘upper lip’
– Maxillary palp and labial palp are
both part of maxillae
Image Source:
http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/entomology/topics/images/heads.gif
Insect External Anatomy
Thorax
• Pro-, meso- and meta-thorax
– Each segment bears a pair of legs
– Meso- and meta-thorax each bear a pair of
wings
Image Source:
http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/Entomology/images/Topics/extMorphology/thoraxComponents.gif
Insect External Anatomy
Abdomen
• Cerci and external reproductive
appendages
– Ovipositor in females
Ovipositor
Cerci/Pincers
Objectives
• Part I
– Explain the hierarchical classification system used in biology.
– Name the principle characteristics used to separate the phyla and
classes of insects and their relatives.
• Part II
– Review the general anatomy of insects
– Review the major types of insect life cycles, and the associated
stages of development.
– Review the common orders of insects.
• Part III
– Discuss insect collection techniques
– Current ecological research on pollinators in gardens
• Part IV
– How to diagnose insect problems
Insect Life Cycles
• Ametabolous: no obvious
difference between juveniles and adults
• Juveniles • Adults
– Not winged / can’t fly – Winged / can fly
– Not sexually mature – Sexually mature
No Wings
Wings
Wing Pads
Wings
Image Sources:
(Lepidoptera: http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/bugs/life/butterflies.aspx)
(Hemiptera: http://www.ipm.uiuc.edu/cropsci270/syllabus/images/0207image13.jpg)
Modifications and Insect Diversity
• Waxy, Rigid Cuticle
• Increased number of sclerites
• Tracheal structures
• Dispersal by flight
• High reproductive potential
• Small size
• Lack of competition on land
• Complete metamorphosis
Insect Diversity
• Most diverse class, order, family of organisms
Objectives
• Part I
– Explain the hierarchical classification system used in biology.
– Name the principle characteristics used to separate the phyla and
classes of insects and their relatives.
• Part II
– Review the general anatomy of insects
– Review the major types of insect life cycles, and the associated
stages of development.
– Review the common orders of insects.
• Part III
– Discuss insect collection techniques
– Current ecological research on pollinators in gardens
• Part IV
– How to diagnose insect problems
Common Insect Orders
• 31 Insect Orders
– Most recent discovery in 2002! (Mantophasmatodea)
• Orders of particular interest to gardeners
include:
– Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Diptera, Hemiptera,
Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera,
Thysanoptera
• ‘-ptera’ means ‘wing’ (think Pteradactyl)
– To ID almost all insects to order, you should look at the
wings of the adults
– Juvenile IDs are much more difficult
Classification of Insect Orders
• Ametabolous Development
• No wings (Apterygotes)
• Development of eyes occurs in this group
• Development of spiracles
Proturans and Diplurans
• Ametabolous, No Wings
• No eyes
• Some breath through
cuticle
• Proturans: no
antennae, sucking
mouthparts, very small and
rare, found in moist
habitats
• Diplurans: antennae with
internal muscles, chewing
mouthparts, small,
uncommon, found in moist
habitats. Abdomen with 11
segments and 2 cerci.
Collembola
• Ametabolous, no wings
• Antennae with internal muscles
• Some species have eyes.
Some
species don’t
• Abdomen has scales, collophore
on 1st segment, retinaculum on 3rd
segment and furcula on 4th segment
• Extremely abundant in certain
soil habitats (moist and with
much organic debris)
• Occasional pests in potted
plants, greenhouses.
• Important food source for many
arachnids and other insects.
Thysanura (silverfish, bristletails)
• Ametabolous, no wings
• Antennae very long and without
internal muscles
• Well-developed eyes
• Breath through spiracles
• Abdomen with 11 segments, 3
bristly cerci
• Mating rituals.
• Habitats include moist, shady
locations outside and hot, dry
locations indoors.
• Feed on starchy substances.
Can be indoor pests on
wallpaper, books, cereals.
Paurometabolous Insects
• Hemimetabolous Development
• Most are winged
– Those without wings represent a secondary loss
of wings (e.g. aphids, scales
Orthoptera = ‘Straight wing’
Grasshoppers, katydids, crickets
• Two pair of wings.
First pair is a leathery
tegmina. Second pair is
membraneous and
fanlike.
• Chewing mouthparts.
• Can be found in a
variety of habitats – old
fields, woodland,
households
• Some are extremely
destructive pests to
cultivated crops
Dermaptera = “Skin Wing”
Earwigs
• Two pairs of wings
– Forewings short, square and veinles s
• Leathery tegmina
– Hindwings fanlike
• Hemimetabolous Development Leathery
Forewing
• Biting mouthparts
– Scavenge plant and animal matter
• Distinct Characteristics
– Cerci form pincers
• Color
– Pale brown to black,
– Temporarily white and cream after moulting
Flexible
• Abdomen is uncovered and very flexible Abdomen
• Distribution
– 1,800 species
– World-wide
– Ground dwelling, in crevices
Cerci/Pincers
Isoptera = ‘Same Wing’
Termites
• Two pair of wings. Few cross
veins. Wings longer than
body.
• Eusocial.
– Reproductive division of labor.
Castes. Cooperative care of young.
• Only reproductive caste has
wings, and only near the time of
nuptial flight.
• Live in ground or in wood.
• Many are pests of buildings. Most
are beneficial, because they recycle
nutrients from dead trees and other
plant materials.
Plecoptera = ‘Folded wing’
Stoneflies
• Two pair of wings. Both
membraneous. Hind pair folds fan
like under front wings.
– Wings folded flat over
abdomen
• Chewing mouthparts (reduced in
some species)
• Long, slender antennae
• Adults and naiads have 2 cerci at
apex of abdomen
• Adults on vegetation near water.
Naiads prefer cold, well-
oxygenated, water habitats.
• Naiads are an important prey and
predator component of aquatic food
chains.
Thysanoptera = ‘fringe wings’
• 2 pairs of tiny, feather-like wings
• Small 0.5 - 15mm long
• Mouthparts adapted for piercing and are highly
asymmetric
• Color: Y ellow, brown or black
• Very narrow body
• Prominent compound eyes Fringe Wings
• Holometabolous Development
• Most are winged
– Those without wings represent a secondary loss
of wings (e.g. velvet ants, ants)
Coleoptera = “sheath wing”
• Two pairs of wings
– Forewings (elytra) are veinless, toughened and horny, covering the entire
abdomen and meeting at the midline
– Hindwings are membranous
• Prothorax is large, and covered by the pronotum
• Chewing mouthparts
• Distribution
– More than 300,000 species
– World-wide
– Habitats: from deserts to tropical regions, mainly ground dwelling and in
vegetation, some aquatic
– Feed on most solids, including crops, timber, pepper and dry bone
Neuroptera = ‘Nerve Wing’
Antlions, Owlflies, Lacewings
• Two pairs of membranous wings
– Dense network of cross veins on wings
– Prominent vein forks at wing margins
• Holometabolous Development Chewing Mouthparts
• Chewing mouthparts
Cross Veins on Forewings
– Predators of smaller insects and pollen-eaters
• Distribution
– 6,000 species
– World-wide, although families are more restricted
– Vegetation, ground debris, in woodlands, sandy soils
Mud Puddling
Siphonaptera = ‘No Wing’
Fleas
• Wingless
• Piercing, sucking mouthparts
– (obligate blood feeders)
• Laterally flattened
• Hindlegs adapted for jumping
• Pro-notal comb
• Larvae worm-like
Hymenoptera = ‘Membraneous Wing’
• Two pairs of membranous wings
– Hind wings much smaller than forewings
• Biting mouthparts (except bees)
– Predators, herbivores and nectar feeders
• Distribution
– Over 100,000 species
– Habitats: from woodland to desert
• Social Systems in Hymenoptera
– Create own nests
– Young are provisioned to varying degrees by parents / other
adults
Hymenoptera = ‘Membraneous Wing’
• Suborder Symphyta
– No typical wasp-waist
– Hold wings flat over the body
Hymenoptera = ‘Membraneous Wing’
• Suborder Apocrita
– Wasp waist
– Have wingless castes
– Divided into two groups, the Parasitica and
Aculeata (Social wasps)
Diptera = ‘two wings’
• One pair of wings
– Membranous forewings used for flight
– Hindwings form small stick-like halteres
• Suctorial mouthparts
• No cerci on the abdomen
• Distribution
– Mainly associated with flowers and decaying organic matter
– Feed on vegetation and organic matter, some blood feeders and ectoparasites, some
species do not feed at all as adults
– Over 100,000 species,
Diptera = ‘two wings’
• Suborder Nematocera
• Small, delicate insects
• Slender, many segmented antennae, with no
arista
• No distal cell in the wing, open anal cell
widens towards the wing margin
• Larvae have prominent, biting jaws
Diptera = ‘two wings’
• Suborder brachycera
• Stout flies
• Antennae 3-segmented, shorter than the
thorax, may have terminal arista
• Discal cell not always present
• Larvae have reduced jaws which can be
retracted into the head
Diptera = ‘two wings’
• Suborder Cyclorrapha
• Stout flies
• Antennae non-prominent, 3 segmented and
pendulous, bristle from dorsal surface
• Circular seam on head
• Larvae are maggot-like, with no visible
jaws
Module Objectives
• Part I
– Explain the hierarchical classification system used in biology.
– Name the principle characteristics used to separate the phyla and
classes of insects and their relatives.
• Part II
– Review the general anatomy of insects
– Review the common orders of insects.
– Review the major types of insect life cycles, and the associated
stages of development.
• Part III
– Discuss insect collection techniques
– Current ecological research on pollinators in gardens
• Part IV
– How to diagnose insect problems
Collecting Insects in Gardens
Pitfall Traps
Collecting Insects in Gardens
Light Traps
Collecting Insects in Gardens
Date / Locality
Collecting Method or
Plant from which Insect was Collected
Determination Label
(Including who ID’d the specimen)
Module Objectives
• Part I
– Explain the hierarchical classification system used in biology.
– Name the principle characteristics used to separate the phyla and
classes of insects and their relatives.
• Part II
– Review the general anatomy of insects
– Review the common orders of insects.
– Review the major types of insect life cycles, and the associated
stages of development.
• Part III
– Discuss insect collection techniques
– Current ecological research on pollinators in gardens
• Part IV
– How to diagnose insect problems
Diagnosing Insect Problems
• Do not, if at all possible, diagnose a pest problem from a
photo
• Get a sample of the ‘insect’
• Get a sample of the damage
• Make sure that the organism is indeed an insect
• Is it an adult or a juvenile?
• Identify the insect to order (easier to do for adults than for
juveniles)
• What do the wings look like? Are they membraneous? Are there 2
pair? What about cross veins? Are the wings held flat over the body,
or tent like over the body?
• Do the mouthparts of the insect match up with the type of
damage being reported?
Internal Feeders: Gallers
Internal Feeders
Miners
Borers
External Feeding Guilds