Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Atmosphere
• Oceans (Hydrosphere)
• REGIONAL CLIMATE
• Picture of particular patterns of weather within individual countries, or within climate zones
that exist at different latitudes on the Earth
• Indian Monsoon
• GLOBAL CLIMATE
• Important to study past and predict future climate
• Sixteen of the last 17 warmest years on record have occurred in the 21st century. According to NASA,
2016 was the warmest year on record
PAKISTAN’S CLIMATE
Climatic division of
Pakistan is as follows:
• Highland climate
• Lowland climate
• Coastal climate
• Arid climate
SEASONS IN PAKISTAN
CLIMATE ZONES/ BELTS
• Climate zones are divisions of the Earth's climates into general climate
zones according to average temperatures and average rainfall
• Temperate
• Polar
REGIONAL CLIMATE
• Tropical
• A tropical climate is also known as ‘equatorial’
• Dry
• Temperate
TEMPERATE
• Deserts are areas where the rainfall is too low to sustain any vegetation at
all, or only very scanty scrub.
• Less than 250 mm or 10 inches per year, and some years may experience no
rainfall at all
• The hot deserts are situated in the subtropical climate zone where there is
unbroken sunshine for the whole year due to the stable descending air and
high pressure
FACTORS ON WHICH LOCAL
CLIMATE DEPENDS
• Latitude
• Ocean currents
• Land-sea distribution
• Mountain ranges
Latitude
Mountain Ranges
• Mountains not only affect local climates but can influence regional
climate as well, by diverting the course of the prevailing winds.
CLIMATE TYPES/ CLASSIFICATION
• Microthermal
• Mesothermal
• Megathermal
KOPPEN CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION
• SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE
• TEMPERATE CLIMATE
• POLAR CLIMATE
• HIGHLAND CLIMATE
TROPICAL/ HOT CLIMATE
TROPICAL RAINFOREST
• ALL AVERAGE MONTHLY TEMPS GREATER THAN 18 OC/64.4OF
TROPICAL MONSOON
• ALL AVERAGE MONTHLY TEMPS GREATER THAN 18 OC/64.4OF
• STEPPE/GRASSLAND/BUNCH GRASSES
HIGHLAND CLIMATE
• DUE TO MOUNTAINOUS AREAS, CAN ENCOMPASS ANY OF THE ABOVE CLIMATE CLASSIFICATIONS
• VERY COMPLEX AND TIGHT KNIT CLIMATIC ZONE
• TEMPERATURE DECREASE WITH INCREASING ALTITUDE
CLIMA
TE
CHANG
E
“Climate is what you expect; the weather is what you get”
Robert Heinlein
Particularly, this change is apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and
attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced
by the use of fossil fuels
CLIMATE CHANGE
• Apparent at many geographical scales
• Local
• Regional
• Global
Palaeoclimatology is the study of climate and climate change prior to the period of direct
measurements
At the end of the last Ice Age 14,000 years ago, 5oC warming that occurred over a period of about
5,000 years
MAJOR FINDINGS OF IPCC AR4, 2007
• 0.6oC increase in average global temperature during the last century
• Associated to this will be large changes (both, increases and decreases) of temperature and
precipitation in different world regions
• Frequency and intensity of extreme climatic events (severe cyclonic storms, floods, droughts
etc.) will increase considerably
• Large scale melting of mountain glaciers and polar ice caps, particularly the Arctic
• Volcanic Activity
• Radiative Forcing
• Solar irradiance
• Ozone Depletion
• Overpopulation
• Land-use changes
• Industrial Revolution
• Air Pollution
• Extraction of minerals
• Globalization, etc.
IMPACTS OF
CLIMATE CHANGE
ON NATURAL SYSTEMS
• Decreasing water quality
• Loss of biodiversity
• Melting of cryosphere
• Submergence of coasts
ON SOCIETAL SYSTEM
• Less crop yield
• Economic losses
• Loss of infrastructure
• MITIGATION
Reducing emissions of and
stabilizing levels of heat- trapping
GHGs in the atmosphere
ADAPTATION
Adapting to life in a changing climate – involves adjusting to
actual or expected future climate
GOALS OF ADAPTATION
• Reduce our vulnerability to the harmful effects of climate change (like sea-
level encroachment, more intense extreme weather events or food
insecurity) – Protective
WHY?
• NATURAL
• Oceans
• Forests
• Soil
• ARTIFICIAL
• Depleted oil reserves
GREEN CARBON
• Carbon removed by photosynthesis
• Afforestation, Reforestation
BLUE CARBON
• Coastal, aquatic and marine carbon sinks
- Confucius