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The researcher wants to draw an overall sample of 30.
Then the strata sample size would be:
1. Personal judgment:
The personal judgment and subjective decision of the
researcher in some cases can be used as a basis to
determine the size of the sample.
Sample size…
2. Budgetary approach:
Under this approach the sample size is determined by
the available fund for the proposed study.
Suppose, if cost of surveying of one individual or unit
is $25 and if the total available fund for survey is say
$2000, the sample size then will be determined as,
Sample size (n) = total budget of survey /Cost of unit
survey,
Accordingly, the sample size will be 80 units (2000 / 25
= 80 units)
Sample Size…
3. Traditional inferences:
This is based on precision rate and confidence level.
To estimate sample size using this approach we need to
have information about the estimated variance of the
population, the magnitude of acceptable error and the
confidence interval.
a. Variance of the population:
It refers to the standard deviation of the population
parameter.
The sample size depends up on the variance of the
population.
If the population is homogenous small sample size can be
enough.
Sample Size…
If not available, a researcher is expected to estimate
population variance using the procedures below:
The researcher can carry out either a pilot study for
estimating the population standard deviation or use
the rule of the thumb.
the rule of the thumb says standard deviation is one-
sixth of the range.
If the household’s yearly average income is expected to
range between $3,000 and $21,000, using the rule of
thumb, the standard deviation will be 1/6(18,000) =
3,000
Traditional inferences…
b. Magnitude of Acceptable Error
The magnitude of error (range of possible error)
indicates how precise the study must be.
It is an acceptable error for a particular study.
The researcher makes subjective judgment about
the desired magnitude of error.
For example, to estimate the average income of
household, one may allow an error say ± 30
Traditional inferences…
c. Confidence level and significance level
• The confidence level is the expected percentage of times that
the actual value will fall within the stated precision limits.
• A confidence level of 95% means there are 95 chances in 100
(or .95 in 1) that the sample results represent the true
condition of the population within a specified precision
range against 5 chances in 100 (or .05 in 1) that it does not.
• Precision is the range within which the answer may vary and
still be acceptable;
• Confidence level indicates the likelihood that the answer will
fall within that range, and the significance level indicates the
likelihood that the answer will fall outside that range.
Sample size…
Once the above concepts are understood, the size of
sample is quite simple to determine.
It is determined based on the following relationship.
n = (ZS/e)2
Where Z represents standardization value indicating a
confidence level.
For example: Z can be 1.96 for 95% confidence, 1.6449 for
90% or 2.5758 for 99%.
e represents acceptable magnitude of error ± an error
factor.
S represents sample SD or an estimate of the population
SD
Sample size…
Example:
Suppose we want to study the household monthly
expenditure on food.
We wish to have a 95% confidence level
Acceptable range of error of not less than 20 birr.
And the estimated value of the SD is 200
Z = 1.96
e = 20
S = 200
n = (ZS/e)2 = (1.96 *200/20)2 = 384.16 or 385
If the range of error (e) is reduced to 10-sample size will
increase.
Yemane’s (1967) formula
A sample size can be determined using the Yemane’s
(1967) formula which is as follows
n= __N____
1+ Ne2
Where:
n is the sample size
N is the population size
e is the degree of margin of error
1 is a constant value
Leedy and Ormrod, (2001).
They developed guideline based on the size of the work
force.
Leedy and Ormrod (2001) suggest:
for small population (<100) to include the entire
population,
if the population is around 500, 50% should be
sampled;
if the population size is around 1,500, 20% should be
sampled.
Population sizes beyond this are adequately
represented by 8 % of the population size (Leedy &
Ormrod, 2001).
End