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Course Reflection Questions
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Course Reflection Questions
If yes, How?!
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INTRODUCTION
An electric circuit is simply an interconnection of the
elements.
Circuit analysis is the process of determining, and, voltages
across (or the currents through) the elements of the circuit.
Two types of elements are found in electric circuits, passive
and active. An active element is capable of generating energy
while a passive element is not.
Examples of passive elements are resistors, capacitors, and
inductors. Typical active elements include generators,
batteries, and operational amplifiers.
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INTRODUCTION
There are two kinds of sources that generally deliver power to
the circuit.
An ideal independent source is an active element that provides
a specified voltage or current that is completely independent
of other circuit elements.
Examples of these sources are batteries and generators.
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INTRODUCTION
An ideal dependent (or controlled) source is an active element
in which the source quantity is controlled by another voltage
or current.
control of the dependent source is achieved by a voltage or
current of some other element in the circuit, and the source
can be voltage or current
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INTRODUCTION
To actually determine the current, Voltage, and power in an
electric circuit, it is necessary to know some fundamental
laws, techniques, and theorems that govern an electric circuit
and its analysis.
The fundamental laws are Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s laws.
The techniques include combining resistors in series or
parallel, voltage division, current division, and delta-to-wye
and wye-to-delta transformations.
Theorems include; Mesh, Nodal, Norton and Thevenin
theorems, and maximum power transfer.
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INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
Some Important Terms, and Laws
A short circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching
zero (R=0).
An open circuit is a circuit element with resistance
approaching infinity.
Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct electric
current; it is measured in mhos or Siemens (S).
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INTRODUCTION
Some Important Terms, and Laws
A node is the point of connection between two or more
branches. Node a, b and c
A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source
or a resistor. a ---- b
A loop is any closed path in a circuit. Eg; a—b---c--a
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INTRODUCTION
Some Important Terms, and Laws
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of
currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) is zero.
Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of
all voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero.
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WYE – DELTA CONNECTION
Situations often arise in circuit
analysis when the resistors are
neither in parallel nor in series.
Consider the circuit below;
These networks occur by
themselves or as part of a larger
network.
They are used in three-phase
networks, electrical filters, and
matching networks.
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WYE – DELTA CONNECTIONS
As an engineer is important to identify them when they occur
as part of a network and How to apply wye-delta
transformation in the analysis of that network.
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WYE – DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS
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WYE – DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS
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WYE – DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS
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WYE – DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS
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WYE – DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS
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WYE – DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS
Always Wye resistance is less than Delta resistance because
Wye resistance is like a series connection while delta
resistance is like a parallel connection.
EXAMPLE 01: Convert the delta network to an equivalent
wye network.
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WYE – DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS
EXAMPLE 02: Transform the Wye network in the figure
below to a equivalent delta network
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TUTORIAL QUESTIONS
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NODAL ANALYSIS
Nodal analysis provides a general procedure for analyzing
circuits using node voltages as the circuit variables.
Choosing node voltages instead of element voltages as circuit
variables is convenient and reduces the number of equations
one must solve simultaneously.
Nodal analysis is also known as the node-voltage method.
Given a circuit with n nodes without voltage sources, the
nodal analysis of the circuit involves taking the following
three steps.
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NODAL ANALYSIS
Steps to Determine Node Voltages
1.Select a node as the reference node. Assign voltages V1,
V2………..Vn-1 to the remaining n-1 nodes. The voltages are
referenced with respect to the reference node.
2. Apply KCL to each of the n-1 non-reference nodes. Use
Ohm’s law to express the branch currents in terms of node
voltages.
3. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the
unknown node voltages.
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NODAL ANALYSIS
The reference node is commonly called the ground since it is
assumed to have zero potential.
A reference node is indicated by any of the three below
symbols. The type of ground in Fig.(c) is called a chassis
ground and is used in devices where the case, enclosure, or
chassis acts as a reference point for all circuits
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NODAL ANALYSIS
Example 03: Calculate the nodal voltage for the given circuit
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NODAL ANALYSIS
Example 04: Calculate the node voltages and currents for the
given circuit below
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NODAL ANALYSIS
Class work 02: Calculate the node voltages for the given circuit
below
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NODAL ANALYSIS
Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources
We now consider how voltage sources affect nodal analysis.
CASE 1: If a voltage source is connected between the
reference node and a non-reference node, we simply set the
voltage at the non-reference node equal to the voltage of the
voltage source.
CASE 2: If the voltage source (dependent or independent) is
connected between two non-reference nodes, the two non-
reference nodes form a generalized node or Supernode.
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NODAL ANALYSIS
Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources
A supernode is formed by
enclosing a (dependent or
independent) voltage source
connected between two non-
reference nodes and any elements
connected in parallel with it.
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NODAL ANALYSIS
Example 05: For the circuit shown below find the node voltages
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NODAL ANALYSIS
Class work 03: Find V and I in the circuit shown below
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MESH ANALYSIS
A loop is a closed path with no node passed more than once.
A mesh is a loop that does not contain any other loop within
it.
Nodal analysis applies KCL to find unknown voltages in a
given circuit, while mesh analysis applies KVL to find
unknown currents.
Mesh analysis is not quite as general as nodal analysis
because it is only applicable to a circuit that is planar.
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MESH ANALYSIS
A planar circuit is one that can be drawn in a plane with no
branches crossing one another; otherwise it is nonplanar
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MESH ANALYSIS
Steps to Determine Mesh currents
1.Assign mesh currents i1, i2………..in to the n meshes.
2.Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohm’s law to
express the voltage in terms of the mesh currents.
3.Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get the mesh
currents
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MESH ANALYSIS
Example 5: Calculate mesh currents in the circuit shown below
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MESH ANALYSIS
Example 6: Find the branch currents using mesh analysis
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MESH ANALYSIS
Class works 04: Find the branch currents using mesh analysis
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MESH ANALYSIS
Applying mesh analysis to circuits containing current sources
(dependent or independent) may appear complicated.
But it is actually much easier than what we encountered in the
previous section because the presence of the current sources
reduces the number of equations.
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MESH ANALYSIS
Class work 4: Calculate Io
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MESH ANALYSIS
CASE1: When a current source exists only in one mesh
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MESH ANALYSIS
CASE 2: When a current source exists between two meshes
We create a Supermesh by excluding the current source and
any elements connected in series with it.
A Supermesh results when two meshes have a (dependent or
independent) current source in common.
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MESH ANALYSIS
CASE2: Example
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MESH ANALYSIS
Class works 05: Find the branch currents using mesh analysis
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MESH VS NODAL ANALYSIS
Given a network to be analyzed, how do we know which
method is better or more efficient?
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MESH VS NODAL ANALYSIS
First factor:
Also, a circuit with fewer nodes than meshes is better analyzed
using nodal analysis,
While a circuit with fewer meshes than nodes is better
analyzed using mesh analysis.
The key is to select the method that results in the smaller
number of equations.
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MESH VS NODAL ANALYSIS
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TUTORIAL QUESTIONS
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END OF LECTURE 1
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