The

Venn Diagram
Venn diagram is a pictorial
representation involving relations
between and among sets. A Venn diagram
usually consists of a rectangle which
represents the universal set U, and at least
one closed curve drawn within the
rectangle which represents a subset of U.
 John Venn
English logician, John Venn, was the
inventor of the Venn diagram in
1880. He constructed the Venn
diagram to help illustrate inclusion
and exclusion relationships
between sets. He did not call it the
'Venn diagram.' He called the circles
'Eulerian circles.' Clarence Lewis
referred to the diagram as the Venn
diagram in his book, A Survey of
Symbolic Logic in 1918.
 Example
It's important to note what a universal set is. If there was a
rectangle outside of the Venn diagram above, that
encompassed both circles of sets, it would be called the
universal set.
U
Observe that z ∈ S and z ∈ U, but w ∈ U S
and w ∉ S. w
Therefore, S ⊂ U. In the figure, it can be y
deduced that the rectangle is the x
universal set U. z
Operations on Sets

MATHEMATICS G7_MODULE 1: SET AND SET NOTATION

 Learning Competencies
(Illustrating & Problem Solving)

illustrates the union and intersection of sets and the

01 difference of two sets using set notations

02 illustrates the union and intersection of sets using

Venn Diagram
 Matching Game
We do have preferences on things and people. These
preferences vary from person to person just like how
our fathers choose our mothers. How do you choose
your friend? So I would like you to go over and
match yourself to a friend.
 OPERATIONS ON SETS
A. Union of Sets
Let us define sets A and B which are subsets of the universal set U. The
union of sets A and B, denoted by A ⋃ B (read as “A union B”), is the set
of all elements found in A or B or in both A and B. In symbols, we write A
⋃ B = {x|x ∈ A or x ∈ B}.
In the figure on the right, the U
rectangle represents the universal set,
the circles represent sets A and B, A B
and the shaded area represents the
union of A and B.
 OPERATIONS ON SETS
A. Union of Sets
The union of two sets, denoted by A  B, is the set of all
elements which belong A or B.

A  B = {x | x  A and x  B}
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 9:
A = {1, 7, 8} and B = {8,9}.
Then A ⋃ B = {1, 7, 8, 9}.

Since union of sets is putting all elements found in both sets then the
union of the sets is a set with elements 1, 7, 8 and 9. Remember that
7 and 8 should only be written once.
 OPERATIONS ON SETS
B. Intersection of Sets
The intersection of sets A and B, denoted by A ⋂ B (read as “A
intersection B”), is the set of all elements common to both A and B. In
symbols, we write A ⋂ B = {x|x ∈ A and x ∈ B}.

The overlap of the circles, as shaded in the U

figure on the right, shows the intersection of
sets A and B. It consists of all elements that A B
belong to both A and B.
 OPERATIONS ON SETS
B. Intersection of Sets
The intersection of two sets, denoted by A  B, is the set of all
elements which belong to both A and B.

A  B = {x | x  A and x  B}
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 10:
If A = {2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {2, 4, 6, 8},
then A ⋂ B = {2, 4}.

Notice that the common elements of sets A and B are 2 and 4.

 OPERATIONS ON SETS
C. Complement of a Set
The complement of set A, denoted by A’ (read as “A prime” or “A
complement”), is the set of all elements in the universal set that are not
found in A. In symbols, we write A’ = {x|x ∈ U and x ∉ A}.

The figure on the right shows the relation

between set A and its complement within a U
universal set which is represented by a
rectangle. Set A is represented by the circle A
while the shaded area outside the circle but
within the rectangle is the complement of set
A.
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 11:
Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} and A = {1, 5, 9}.
Then A’ = {2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8}.

Note that if we take A ⋃ A’, the result will be the universal set U.
 OPERATIONS ON SETS
D. Difference of Sets
The difference of sets A and B, denoted by A – B (read as “A minus B”),
is the set of all elements found in A but not in B. In symbols, we write A –
B = {x|x ∈ A and x ∈ B}. Note that A – B is not the same as B – A.

The shaded area of the figure on the right

shows the difference of sets A and B, or the
U
relative complement of B with respect to A.
A B
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 12:
If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {2, 4, 6},
then A – B = {1, 3, 5}
and B – A= {6}
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 13:
U={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and C = {1, 3, 4, 7, 9} find the
following and make a Venn diagram:
1. A B 6. B’
2. BC 7. C’
3. A B 8. A – B
4. BC 9. B – C
5. A’ 10. A – C
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 13:
U={a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j}
A = {a, b, c, d, e}, B = {b, d, f, g, j} and C = {c, f, g, h, i, j} find the
following and make a Venn diagram:
1. A B 6. B’
2. BC 7. C’
3. A B 8. A – B
4. BC 9. B – C
5. A’ 10. A – C
Problem Solving
involving Sets

MATHEMATICS G7_MODULE 1: SET AND SET NOTATION

 Learning Competencies
(Illustrating & Problem Solving)

Represent real-life situations using sets and Venn

01 Diagrams

02 Solves problems involving sets using Venn Diagrams

 Joining Clubs
There are 10 students who joined the Volleyball Club and 9 students
who joined the Basketball Club. Let’s see the list.
VOLLEYBALL CLUB BASKETBALL CLUB
(V) (B)
Matthew Matthew
Gary John
Alfred Gary
James Alfred
Daniel Dave
Andrew Janus
Jeremy Andrew
George Felix
Manny Patrick
Patrick

10 19 students? 9
 Joining Clubs
Does it mean that there are 19 students? Let’s check the list again.
VOLLEYBALL CLUB BASKETBALL CLUB
(V) (B)
Matthew Matthew
Gary John
Alfred Gary
James Alfred
Daniel Dave
Andrew Janus
Jeremy Andrew
George Felix
Manny Patrick
Patrick

There are 5 students who joined in both clubs. There

are only 14 students in total.
 Venn Diagram:
V= students who joined the Volleyball Club= 10
B=students who joined the Basketball Club= 9
V  B= students who joined both clubs = 5
Volleyball club only= 10-5= 5
Basketball club only= 9-5= 4
U
V B

5 5 4
 EXAMPLE 1:
Ana and Beth have 54 common friends in a social networking site.
They have 380 friends altogether. If Beth has 260 friends in that
site, how many friends does Ana have and who are not in Beth’s
list?
 Solution:
A= set of Ana’s friends in a social networking site
B=set of Beth’s friends in a social networking site
A  B= Ana and Beth’s common friends = 54
Beth’s friends = 260−54 = 206
Ana’s friends = 380−260 = 120
U
A B

206 54 120
 ANSWER:
Ana has 120 friends in the social networking site who are not
friends of Beth.
 EXAMPLE 2:
There are 50 students in Grade 7. 25 of them joined Music Club
and 23 Students joined Sports club. If 5 students both joined Music
and Sports, how many students:
a. joined the Music Club only?
b. joined the Sports Club only?
c. did not join any club?
 Solution:
A= students who joined Music Club
B=students who joined Sports Club
A  B= students who joined both Music and Sports= 5
Music Club only= 25 - 5= 20
Sports Club only = 23 - 5 = 18

Did not join any club = U

A B
50-(20+5+18)
=50-43=7 20 5 18

7
 ANSWER:
20 students joined the Music Club only.
18 students joined the Sports Club only.
7 students did not join any club.
 TRY THIS:
Out of forty students, 14 are taking English and 29 are taking Earth
Science.

a. If five students are in both classes, how many students are in

neither class?
b. How many are in either class?
 TRY THIS:
There are 78 people in total. 36 people like orange juice, 41 people
like apple juice. 17 people both like orange and apple juice.

a. How many like the orange juice only?

b. How many like the apple juice only?
c. How many don’t like either orange or apple juice?
 ANOTHER EXAMPLE:
Harold asked his classmates regarding their favorite cartoon
character. 36 of his classmates prefer Spongebob Squarepants, 27
prefer Doraemon, 13 prefer both Spongebob and Doraemon, and 10
don’t prefer either Spongebob or Doraemon.
a. How many prefer Spongebob ONLY?
b. How many prefer Doraemon ONLY?
c. How many classmates did Harold ask in total?
 Solution:
A= students who prefer Spongebob=36
B=students who prefer Doraemon=27
A  B= students who prefer both Spongebob and Doraemon= 13
Spongebob only= 36 - 13= 23
Doraemon only = 27 – 13= 14
Total= 23+13+14+10= 60
U
A B

23 13 14

10
 ANSWER:
23 students prefer Spongebob only.
14 students prefer Doraemon only.
Harold asked his 60 classmates in total.
 Union of Sets Intersection of Sets
AB AB

U U
A A B

Complement of a Set Difference of a Set

A’ A–B
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 13:
U={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A = {3, 6, 7, 9}, B = {2, 3, 4, 6, 7} and C = {3, 5, 7, 8, 9} find the
following and make a Venn diagram:
1. A B 6. B’
2. BC 7. C’
3. A B 8. A – B
4. BC 9. B – C
5. A’ 10. A – C
 KEY WORDS
• Union of Sets (A  B ) = combine, either, or, together, total
• Intersection of Sets (A  B) = and
• Complement of a Set (A’) = neither, did not, not
• Difference of a Set (A – B) = only
 ANOTHER EXAMPLE:
In a group of 100 persons, 72 people can speak English and 43 can
speak Filipino.
a. How many can speak English only?
b. How many can speak Filipino only?
c. How many can speak both English and Filipino?
 ANOTHER EXAMPLE:
In a group of 60 persons, 43 people like Action movies and 37
people like Drama.
a. How many like Action movies only?
b. How many like Drama only?
c. How many like both Drama and Action movies?
 ANOTHER EXAMPLE:
Teacher Fredrick announces that out of 30 students in class, 16
passed both the Math and Science tests, and 24 passed the Science
test and 21 passed the Math test.
a. How many passed the Science test only?
b. How many passed the Math test only?
c. How many passed either Science or Math?
d. How many did not pass both Math and Science tests?
 ANOTHER EXAMPLE:
Teacher Patrick announces that out of 40 students in class, 13 passed
both the English and History tests, and 23 passed the English test,
and 28 passed the History .
a. How many passed the English test only?
b. How many passed the History test only?
c. How many passed English or History?
d. How many did not pass both English and History tests?
 ANOTHER EXAMPLE:
Kendra asked her classmates regarding their favorite sport. 22 of her
classmates prefer Futsal, 26 prefer Basketball, 8 prefer both Futsal
and Basketball and 10 don’t prefer both Futsal and Basketball.
a. How many prefer Futsal ONLY?
b. How many prefer Basketball ONLY?
c. How many classmates did Kendra ask in total?
 ANOTHER EXAMPLE:
Danielle asked her classmates regarding their favorite color. 12 of
her classmates prefer red, 11 prefer blue, 8 prefer both red and blue,
and 5 don’t prefer both colors.
a. How many prefer red ONLY?
b. How many prefer blue ONLY?
c. How many classmates did Danielle ask in total?
 EXAMPLE 3:
In a certain junior high school, 100 grade 7 students were asked
about the clubs they have joined. Among them, 38 joined the Math
club, 35 joined the Science club, 37 joined the English club, 8
joined both the Math and Science clubs, 6 joined both the Math and
English clubs, 6 joined both the Science and English clubs, and 3
joined all 3 clubs.
a. How many students joined the Math club only?
b. How many students joined the Math and Science clubs but not
the English club?
c. How many students did not join any of the three clubs?
 Solution:
M=set of students who joined the U
M E
Math Club
E=set of students who joined the
English Club
S=set of students who joined the
Science Club 3

3 students joined the three clubs. so

the intersection of M,E and S is 3.

S
 Solution:
6 students joined both the Science and
English Clubs; so 6-3=3 students who joined U
M E
both Science and English clubs but not the
Math Club. 3

6 students joined both the Math and English 3

Clubs; so 6-3=3 students who joined both 5 3
Math and English clubs but not the Science
Club.

8 students joined both the Science and Math S

Clubs; so 8-3=5 students who joined both
Science and Math clubs but not the English
Club.
 Solution:
M=38
It follows that 38-(5+3+3)=27 students joined U
M E
the Math club only.
3
E=37 27 28
It follows that 37-(2+3+3)=28 students joined 3
the English club only. 5 3

S=35 24
It follows that 35-(5+3+3)=24 students joined
the Science club only. S
 Solution:
Total number of students who joined any of
the three clubs=27+5+3+3+3+28+24=93 U
M E

There are 100 students in total, so 100-93=7 3

students who didn’t join any of the three 27 28
clubs. 3
5 3

24
7
S
 ANSWER:
a. How many students joined the Math club only?
Answer: 27 students joined the Math club only
b. How many students joined the Math and Science clubs but
not the English club?
Answer: 5 students joined the Math and Science clubs but
not the English club
a. How many students did not join any of the three clubs?
Answer: 7 students did not join any of the three clubs?
 TRY THIS:
Gerry interviewed 30 people regarding their preferred drink. 16
preferred coffee, 16 preferred tea, and 14 preferred juice. 8 preferred
both coffee and juice, 9 preferred both tea and juice, and 7 preferred
both coffee and tea. Then, 5 people preferred all of the three drinks.
a. How many preferred coffee only?
b. How many preferred tea and juice but not coffee?
c. How many did not prefer any of the three drinks?