Topic 1

INTRODUCTION
 What is Intelligence?
Intelligence (also called intellect) is an umbrella term used
to describe a property of the mind that encompasses many
related abilities, such as the capacity to:
Reason
Plan
Solve problems
naturalThink
Natural Comprehend ideas
intelligence Use language
Learn
What is Artificial Intelligence?
An imitation of natural intelligence
into a machine
natural
 Natural Intelligence Artificial Intelligence

Not consistent Consistent

Cannot be copied or transferred Can be copied or transferred

High cost Low cost especially in long-term

natural
Difficult to be documented Easy to be documented

Creative (free to do many tasks) Not creative (work as programmed)

Wide focus Narrow/limited focus

Other definitions
John McCarthy
“science and engineering of making
intelligent machines”
Marvin Minsky
“science of making computers DO things
that require intelligence if they are
done by humans”
Durkin Jackson
“science of making a computer REASON
in a manner similar to humans”
Dimensions of AI definitions

System that System that

THINKS like THINKS
human rationally

System that System that

ACTS like ACTS
human retionally
Dimensions of AI definitions

System that System that Cognitive

THINKS like THINKS Science
human rationally perspective

Engineering System that System that

perspective ACTS like ACTS
human rationally
Compare against
humans

System that System that

thinks like thinks
HUMAN RATIONALLY

System that System that acts

acts like
HUMAN RATIONALLY

Compare against
real concepts of
intelligence
 2000s
Re-
em
erg
en c
e
1988
History

2 nd
AI w
inte
r
1980 1 st
com
atio merc
n ializ

1969-1979
Reb
irth

1966-1973
1 st A
Iw
inte
r

1958
First AI

language

LISP
programming

1956
D ar
wo tmou
rks
AI got its name

hop th

1952-1962 Per
ent iod of
hus
iasm

1950
Tur
ing
Tes
t

1950 1 st N
Net eura
com work l
pu t
er
 2000
onwards Em
app bedde
lica d
tion
1990s
Mu
Evolution of AI apps

inte ltiple
gra
tion
1980s
Dom
kno ain
wle
dge
1970s Gen
me eral
tho
d
1960s
Naï
solu ve
tion
Turing test

TURING MACHINE

This game ends when the interrogator made his guess

Turing machine pass the test if the interrogator fails to recognize with whom (or
with what) he is communicating.
Types of task

Mundane

Formal

Expert
Types of task

• Tasks difficult for humans have turned out to be “easy” for

automation:
• Chess
• Checkers, Othello, Backgammon
• Logistics planning
• Airline scheduling
• Fraud detection
• Sorting mail
• Proving theorems
• Crossword puzzles
Types of task

• Tasks easy for humans have turned out to be hard for automation:
• Speech recognition
• Face recognition
• Composing music/art
• Autonomous navigation
• Motor activities (walking)
• Language understanding
• Common sense reasoning (example: how many legs does a fish have?)
Roots of Artificial Intelligence
Who’s behind the scene?

Alan Turing (1912-1954)

• Turing is often considered to be the father of modern
computer science.
• Turing provided an influential formalization of the
concept of the algorithm and computation with the Turing
machine.
• With the Turing test, he made a significant and
characteristically provocative contribution to the debate
regarding artificial intelligence: whether it will ever be
possible to say that a machine is conscious and can think.
(from Wikipedia)
Who’s behind the scene?

Claude Shannon(1916-2001)
• Shannon, an American electrical engineer and
mathematician, was "the father of information
theory“.
• He is also credited with founding both digital
computer and digital circuit design theory in 1937,
when, as a 21-year-old master's student at MIT, he
wrote a thesis demonstrating that electrical
application of Boolean algebra could construct and
resolve any logical, numerical relationship.
Who’s behind the scene?

John von Neumann (1903-1957)

• John von Neumann was a Hungarian-American
mathematician who made major contributions to a vast
range of fields including – set theory – functional
analysis – quantum mechanics – ergodic theory –
economics and game theory – computer science
• The so called conventional CPU based computer was
proposed by him, and he is generally regarded as one of
the foremost mathematicians of the 20th century.
Who’s behind the scene?

John McCarthy (1927-2011)

• John McCarthy(born September 4, 1927, in Boston,
Massachusetts), is an American computer scientist and
cognitive scientist.
• He received the Turing Award in 1971 for his major
contributions to the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI).
• He was responsible for the coining of the term
"Artificial Intelligence" in his 1955 proposal for the 1956
Dartmouth Conference and is the inventor of the Lisp
programming language.
• Known as “Father of AI”
Who’s behind the scene?

Marvin Lee Minsky (1927-2016)

• Marvin Lee Minsky (born August 9, 1927) is an
American cognitive scientist in the field of
artificial intelligence (AI), co-founder of MIT's AI
laboratory, and author of several texts on AI and
philosophy.
• Minsky won the Turing Award in 1969, the
Japan Prize in 1990, the IJCAI Award for Research
Excellence in 1991, and the Benjamin Franklin
Medal from the Franklin Institute in 2001.
Who’s behind the scene?

Herbert Alexander Simon (1916-

2001)
• Herbert Alexander Simon was an American political
scientist whose research ranged across the fields of cognitive
psychology, computer science, public administration, etc.
• Simon was a truly innovative thinker. He was among the
founding fathers of several of today's most important
scientific domains, including artificial Intelligence,
information processing, decision-making, problem-solving,
etc.
• He coined the terms bounded rationality and satisficing,
and was the first to analyze the and to propose a preferential
attachment mechanism to explain power law distributions.
Who’s behind the scene?

Allen Newell (1927-1992)

• Allen Newellwas a researcher in computer science
and cognitive psychology at the RAND corporation and
at Carnegie Mellon University’s School of Computer
Science.
• He contributed to the Information Processing
Language(1956) and two of the earliest AI programs,
the Logic Theory Machine (1956) and the General
Problem Solver (1957) (with Herbert Simon).
• He was awarded the ACM's A.M. Turing Award along
with Herbert Simon in 1975 for their basic
contributions to artificial intelligence and the
psychology of human cognition.
Who’s behind the scene?

Edward Albert Feigenbaum

• Edward Albert Feigenbaum (born January 20, 1936) is a
computer scientist working in the field of artificial
intelligence.
• He is often called the “Father of Expert Systems."
• In his PhD thesis, carried out under the supervision of
Herbert Simon, he developed EPAM, one of the first
computer models of how people learn.
• He received the ACM Turing Award, jointly with Raj Reddy
in 1994 "For pioneering the design and construction of large
scale artificial intelligence systems, demonstrating the
practical importance and potential commercial impact of
artificial intelligence technology".