ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE
Submitted by:-
Tirtharaj Saha
Id:-1630401020
What is Intelligence?

 Intelligence is the ability to learn about, to learn from, to understand about,

and interact with one’s environment.
 Intelligence is the faculty of understanding.
 Intelligence is not to make no mistakes but quickly to understand how to
make them good.
What Is Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that emphasizes the

creation of intelligent machines that work and react like humans. Some of
the activities computers with artificial intelligence are designed for include:
 Speech recognition
 Learning
 Planning
 Problem solving
Goals of AI

 To Create Expert Systems − The systems which exhibit intelligent behavior,

learn, demonstrate, explain, and advice its users.
 To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines − Creating systems that
understand, think, learn, and behave like humans.
Applications of AI

AI has been dominant in various fields such as −

 Gaming − AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc., where
machine can think of large number of possible positions based on heuristic knowledge.
 Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with the computer that understands
natural language spoken by humans.
 Expert Systems − There are some applications which integrate machine, software, and special
information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation and advice to the users.
 Vision Systems − These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input on the
computer. For example:-
 A spying aeroplane takes photographs, which are used to figure out spatial information or map of the
areas.
 Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
 Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with the stored portrait made by
forensic artist.
 Speech Recognition − Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and
comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while
a human talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the
background, change in human’s noise due to cold, etc.
 Handwriting Recognition − The handwriting recognition software reads the
text written on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the
shapes of the letters and convert it into editable text.
 Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human.
They have sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light,
heat, temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They have
efficient processors, multiple sensors and huge memory, to exhibit
intelligence. In addition, they are capable of learning from their mistakes and
they can adapt to the new environment.
What is Fuzzy Logic?

 Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a method of reasoning that resembles human reasoning.

The approach of FL imitates the way of decision making in humans that
involves all intermediate possibilities between digital values YES and NO.
 The conventional logic block that a computer can understand takes precise
input and produces a definite output as TRUE or FALSE, which is equivalent to
human’s YES or NO.
 The inventor of fuzzy logic, Lotfi Zadeh, observed that unlike computers, the
human decision making includes a range of possibilities between YES and NO,
such as −
CERTAINLY YES
POSSIBLY YES
CANNOT SAY
POSSIBLY NO
CERTAINLY NO

The fuzzy logic works on the levels of possibilities of input to achieve the definite
output.
 An artificial neuron network (ANN) is a computational model based on the
What are Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)?
structure and functions of biological neural networks. ... ANNs are
considered nonlinear statistical data modeling tools where the complex
relationships between inputs and outputs are modeled or patterns are found.
 The idea of ANNs is based on the belief that working of human brain by
making the right connections, can be imitated using silicon and wires as
living neurons and dendrites.
 The human brain is composed of 86 billion nerve cells called neurons. They
are connected to other thousand cells by Axons. Stimuli from external
environment or inputs from sensory organs are accepted by dendrites. These
inputs create electric impulses, which quickly travel through the neural
network. A neuron can then send the message to other neuron to handle the
issue or does not send it forward
ANNs are composed of multiple nodes, which imitate biological neurons of human brain. The neurons
are connected by links and they interact with each other. The nodes can take input data and perform
simple operations on the data. The result of these operations is passed to other neurons. The output at
each node is called its activation or node value.
Each link is associated with weight. ANNs are capable of learning, which takes place by altering
weight values. The following illustration shows a simple ANN −
Types of Artificial Neural Networks

 FeedForward ANN
 In this ANN, the information flow is unidirectional. A unit sends information to other unit from which it
does not receive any information. There are no feedback loops. They are used in pattern
generation/recognition/classification. They have fixed inputs and outputs.
 FeedBack ANN
 Here, feedback loops are allowed. They are used in content addressable memories.
What is Machine Learning?

Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence (AI) that provides

systems the ability to automatically learn and improve from experience without
being explicitly programmed. Machine learning focuses on the development of
computer programs that can access data and use it learn for themselves.
Machine Learning in ANNs

ANNs are capable of learning and they need to be trained. There are several learning
strategies −
 Supervised Learning − It involves a teacher that is scholar than the ANN itself. For
example, the teacher feeds some example data about which the teacher already knows
the answers.
For example, pattern recognizing. The ANN comes up with guesses while recognizing. Then the
teacher provides the ANN with the answers. The network then compares it guesses with the
teacher’s “correct” answers and makes adjustments according to errors.
 Unsupervised Learning − It is required when there is no example data set with known
answers. For example, searching for a hidden pattern. In this case, clustering i.e. dividing
a set of elements into groups according to some unknown pattern is carried out based on
the existing data sets present.
 Reinforcement Learning − This strategy built on observation. The ANN makes a decision
by observing its environment. If the observation is negative, the network adjusts its
weights to be able to make a different required decision the next time.
Issues of AI

 Threat to Privacy
 An AI program that recognizes speech and understands natural language is
theoretically capable of understanding each conversation on e-mails and
telephones.
 Threat to Human Dignity
 AI systems have already started replacing the human beings in few industries. It
should not replace people in the sectors where they are holding dignified positions
which are pertaining to ethics such as nursing, surgeon, judge, police officer, etc.
 Threat to Safety
 The self-improving AI systems can become so mighty than humans that could be
very difficult to stop from achieving their goals, which may lead to unintended
consequences.
THANK YOU