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6)
In this Chapter, we will:
• Introduce the thermodynamic property called Entropy (S)
• Entropy is defined using the Clausius inequality
• Introduce the Increase of Entropy Principle which states that
– the entropy for an isolated system (or a system plus its surroundings) is
always increases or, at best, remains the same.
– Second Law in terms of Entropy
• Learn to use the Entropy balance equation: entropy change = entropy
transfer + entropy change.
• Analyze entropy changes in thermodynamic process and learn how to
use thermodynamic tables
• Examine entropy relationships (Tds relations), entropy relations for
ideal gases.
• Property diagrams involving entropy (T-s and h-s diagrams)
Entropy change
Entropy Transfer Entropy Generation
(due to heat transfer)
The principle states that for an isolated Or a closed adiabatic Or System + Surroundings
A process can only take place such that Sgen 0 where Sge = 0 for a reversible process only
And Sge can never be les than zero.
Implications:
•Entropy, unlike energy, is non-conservative since it is always increasing.
•The entropy of the universe is continuously increasing, in other words, it is becoming
disorganized and is approaching chaotic.
• The entropy generation is due to the presence of irreversibilities. Therefore, the higher the
entropy generation the higher the irreversibilities and, accordingly, the lower the efficiency
of a device since a reversible system is the most efficient system.
•Note that this does not mean that the entropy of a system cannot be reduced, it can.
• However, total entropy of a system + surroundings cannot be reduced
Entropy change = S = S2 - S1
Entropy Transfer = Transfer due to Heat (Q/T) + Entropy flow due to mass flow (misi – mese)
Entropy Generation = Sgen 0
Similar to energy and mass conservation, the entropy balance equations can be simplified
Entropy Generation Example
Show that heat can not be transferred from the low-temperature sink to the high-
temperature source based on the increase of entropy principle.
S(source) = 2000/800 = 2.5 (kJ/K)
Source S(sink) = -2000/500 = -4 (kJ/K)
800 K Sgen= S(source)+ S(sink) = -1.5(kJ/K) < 0
It is impossible based on the entropy increase principle
Q=2000 kJ Sgen0, therefore, the heat can not transfer from low-temp. to
high-temp. without external work input
• If the sink temperature is increased to 700 K, how about the entropy generation?
S(source) = -2000/800 = -2.5(kJ/K)
S(sink) = 2000/700 = 2.86 (kJ/K)
Sgen= S(source)+ S(sink) = 0.36 (kJ/K) < 1.5 (kJ/K)
Entropy generation is less than when the sink temperature is 500 K, less irreversibility.
Heat transfer between objects having large temperature difference generates higher degree
of irreversibilities