Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• A beam is a
horizontal structural
member used to
support loads
• Beams are used to
support the roof and
floors in buildings
1
Introduction to Beams
• Common shapes are
I Angle Channel
Web Flanges
Flanges
3
Introduction to Beams
• Beams are supported in structures via
different configurations
6
Beam Theory
• An area has a centroid, which is similar to a center of
gravity of a solid body.
• The centroid of a symmetric cross section can be easily
found by inspection. X and Y axes intersect at the
centroid of a symmetric cross section, as shown on the
rectangular cross section.
Y - Axis
h/2
X - Axis
h/2
b/2 b/2 7
Beam Theory
• An important variable in beam design is the moment of
inertia of the cross section, denoted by I.
• Inertia is a measure of a body’s ability to resist rotation.
• Moment of inertia is a measure of the stiffness of the
beam with respect to the cross section and the ability of
the beam to resist bending.
• As I increases, bending and deflection will decrease.
• Units are (LENGTH)4, e.g. in4, ft4, cm4
8
Beam Theory
• I can be derived for any common area using calculus.
However, moment of inertia equations for common cross
sections (e.g., rectangular, circular, triangular) are readily
available in math and engineering textbooks.
• For a rectangular cross section,
X-axis (passing
through centroid)
bh 3
Ix h
12
b
9
Beam Theory
• Example: Calculate the moment of inertia about the X-
axis for a yardstick that is 1” high and ¼” thick.
Y-Axis
3
bh
Ix
12
I x 0.02083 in 4
b = 0.25”
10
Beam Theory
• Example: Calculate the moment of inertia about the Y-
axis for a yardstick that is 1” high and ¼” thick.
3
bh
X-Axis
Iy
12
I y 0.00130 in4
11
Beam Theory
• Suppose a concentrated load, P, is
applied to the center of the simply
supported beam.
12
Beam Theory
• The beam will bend downward as a result
of the load P.
13
Beam Theory
• The deflection (Δ) is the vertical
displacement of the of the beam as a
result of the load P.
Deflection, Δ
14
Beam Theory
• The deflection (Δ) of a simply supported, center loaded
beam can be calculated from the following formula:
3
PL
Δ
48E I
where, P
P = concentrated load (lbs.)
L = span length of beam (in.)
E = modulus of elasticity
(lbs./in.2)
I = moment of inertia of axis L
perpendicular to load P (in.4)
15
Beam Theory
• Modulus of elasticity, E, is a property that indicates the
stiffness and rigidity of the beam material. For example,
steel has a much larger modulus of elasticity than wood.
Values of E for many materials are readily available in
tables in textbooks. Some common values are
16
Beam Theory
• Example: Calculate the deflection in the steel beam
supporting a 500 lb load shown below.
P = 500 lb
h = 2”
b = 3”
L = 36”
PL 3
bh 3
Δ I
48E I 12 17
Beam Theory
• Step 1: Calculate the moment of inertia, I.
bh 3
I
12
I
3 in2 in3
12
I 2 in4
18
Beam Theory
• Step 2: Calculate the deflection, Δ.
PL3
Δ
48E I
Δ
500 lb 36 in 3
48 30 x 10 6 lb
2
in
2 in 4
Δ
500 lb 46656 in3
48 30 x 10 6 lb
2
in
2 in 4
Δ 0.0081 in 19
Beam Theory
• These calculations are very simple for a solid, symmetric
cross section.
• Now consider slightly more complex symmetric cross
sections, e.g. hollow box beams. Calculating the
moment of inertia takes a little more effort.
• Consider a hollow box beam as shown below:
0.25 in.
6 in.
20
4 in.
Beam Theory
• The same equation for moment of inertia, I = bh3/12, can
be used.
• Treat the outer dimensions as a positive area and the
inner dimensions as a negative area, as the centroids of
both are about the same X-axis.
X-axis
ho = 6 in.
X-axis hi = 5.5 in.
bi = 3.5 in.
bo = 4 in.
22
Beam Theory
ho = 6 in.
X-axis hi = 5.5 in.
bi = 3.5 in.
bo = 4 in.
3 3
b h b h
Ipos o o Ineg i i
12 12
Ipos
4 in6 in3 Ineg
3.5 in5.5 in3
12 12 23
Beam Theory
• Simply subtract Ineg from Ipos to calculate the moment of
inertia of the box beam, Ibox
Ibox
4 in6 in3 3.5 in5.5 in3
12 12
4 in.
Ibox
4 in216 in3 3.5 in166.4 in3
12 12
25
Beam Theory
• Identify the positive and negative areas…
26
Beam Theory
• …and calculate the moment of inertia similar to the box
beam (note the negative area dimensions and that it is
multiplied by 2).
ho
hi
bo bi bi
3 3
b h 2 b i hi
I I beam o o
12 12
27
Beam Theory
• The moment of inertia of an H-beam can be calculated in
a similar manner…
28
Beam Theory
• The moment of inertia of an H-beam can be calculated in
a similar manner…
29
Beam Theory
• …however, the H-beam is divided into three positive
areas.
h1 h2 h1
b2
b1 b1
3 3 3
b 1 h1 b 2 h 2 b 1 h1
IH-beam
12 12 12
3 3
2 b 1 h1 b 2 h 2
IH-beam 30
12 12
Beam Theory
• Example: Calculate the deflection in the I-beam shown
below. The I-beam is composed of three ½” x 4” steel
plates welded together.
P = 5000 lbf
31
Beam Theory
• First, calculate the moment of inertia for an I-beam as
previously shown, i.e. divide the cross section of the
beam into positive and negative areas.
ho = 5 in. hi = 4 in.
bi = bi
bo = 4 in.
3 3
b h 2 b i hi
I I beam o o
12 12
32
Beam Theory
• First, calculate the moment of inertia for an I-beam as
previously shown, i.e. divide the cross section of the
beam into positive and negative areas.
ho = 5 in. hi = 4 in.
bi =1.75in bi
bo = 4 in.
I I beam
4in 5in 3 2 1.75in 4in 3
12 12
P = 5000 lbf
L = 8 ft
3
PL
Δ
48E I 34
Beam Theory
• Calculate the deflection, Δ.
PL3
Δ
48E I
Δ
5000 lb 96 in 3
48 30 x 10 2
in
6 lb f
23 in 4
Δ
5000 lb 884736 in3
48 30 x 10 6 lb
2
in
23 in 4
Δ 0.134 in 35
Beam Theory
• Example: Calculate the volume and mass of the beam if
the density of steel is 490 lbm/ft3.
36
Beam Theory
• Volume = (Area) x (Length)
V AL
V 3 0.5in 4in 8ft
V 3 2.0in 2 96 in
V 576 in3
37
Beam Theory
• Convert to cubic feet…
3
1ft
V 576 in
3
12in
1ft 3
V 576in
3
3
1728in
V 0.333 ft3
38
Beam Theory
• Calculate mass of the beam
• Mass = Density x Volume
m ρV
lb m
m 490 3 0.333ft 3
ft
m 163.3 lb m
39
Materials
• Basswood can be purchased from hobby or craft
stores. Hobby Lobby carries many common
sizes of basswood. DO NOT purchase balsa
wood.
• 1201 teams must submit a receipt for the
basswood.
• The piece of basswood in the Discovery Box
WILL NOT be used for Project 2.
• Clamps and glue are provided in the Discovery
Box. Use only the glue provided.
40
Assembly
• I-beams and H-beams: Begin by
marking the flanges along the center
where the web will be glued.
• Box beams: No marking is
necessary.
43