Permian climate change: Copacabana Group

Angara
Baltica

a
Laurentia

e
Pathalassa Pathalassa

ng
Pa
Prototethys
Gondwana

Late Permian, 260 Ma

The distribution of fossils across the continents evidenced the existence of Pangaea. Ice-house to
greenhouse (humid to arid) climate transition; dramatic reduction of coal swamps and amphibian
habitat; some spore-bearing plants extinct, major diversification of fusulinacean foraminifers,
ammonoids, bryozoans, and brachiopods. Blakey (2011) [1]
Grader VI, 2003 [2]
Grader VI, 2003 [3]
Copacabana Group distribution

Grader VI, 2003 [4]

 Copacabana Group: COLUMNA COPACABANA ENERGIA
Litología
Litología
GRC DEPT RESD

EDAD
0 gAPI 150 m 2 ohmm 20000

PERF LAYER
Intvl=2335-3350(MD) E=1/4500

Foraminíferos
7

Pérmico Inf. alto

Artinskiano (Leonardiano) 6
Superior

2500

Climacammina ?tenuis 5
Grupo Copacabana

3
Pérmico Inferior
(Wolfcampiano-Cisuraliano) REFERENCIAS
2
Medio

Chert
1
Schubertella sphaerica Grainstone 3000

Concordante Packstone
zonas cherts Wackstone 0
Mudstone
Carbonífero sup. Dolomía
(Morrowan-Atokan) Dolomía
Inf.

Calcárea
Pelita
Globivalvulina bulloides Arenisca

Grosso et al., (2012) [5]

Secuencia 2

Secuencia 1

[6]
Secuencia 3

[7]
Secuencia 5

Secuencia 4

[8]
Secuencia 6

[9]
 Ene

Secuencia 7

[ 10 ]
[ 11 ]
Interpretation of the sedimentary system for the Copocabana Group

Grader VI, 2003 [ 12 ]

 Eutrophic

Oligotrophic?

Fusulinid prevails in shallow, oligotrophic, warm and sunlit

Mesotrophic?

environments, with minimal siliclastic input, and with production

rates highest in very shallow waters above a maximum depth of 25–
30m (Weidlich, 2007)

[ 13 ]
 Late Triassic climate change: Pucara Group

Angara
(Siberia)
Baltica

a
(Europe)

e
ng
Laurentia

Pa
Pathalassa (North America) Tethys

Gondwana
Pathalassa

Late Triassic, 220 Ma

Sea level changes modified shoreline configuration and enhanced platform areas inducing intense
marine biodiversification/biodiversity, because the Triassic was a time of increasing sea level. The
end of the Triassic is defined by a huge extinction event. Due to outgassing of large quantities of
flood basalts from the central Atlantic magmatic province and release of methane from sea-floor
methane hydrates. Blakey (2011) [ 14 ]
 The Pucara Basin

Angara
(Siberia)

Late Triassic, 220 Ma

(a) Pucará Basin is separated from the plate margin by a basement high. (b) Detail of outcropping Pucará sediments and
relationship of outcrop to principal faults. Exploration seismic data show that these faults were used repeatedly during both
basin formation and structural inversion, the most recent of which involved the Andean deformation. AB, Abancay; AR,
Arequipa; AY, Ayacucho; CA, Cajamarca; CP, Cerro de Pasco; HSO, Huallaga ; HC, Huancayo; HV, Huancavelica; HU,
Huánuco; LO, La Oroya; LI, Lima; LT, Lake Titicaca; OX, Oxapampa; TR, Trujillo.
Rosas et al., (2007) [ 15 ]
(a) Paleogeographic schemes of the Pueara basin during a Upper Triassic; b Hettangian-Toarcian.
Fontbote (1990) [ 16 ]
 The Pucara Basin

Tectonostratigraphic column for the Pucará Basin. the

Mitu rift system and postrift Pucará shown in
relationship to the overall late Paleozoic–
early Mesozoic history of basin evolution.

Rosas et al., (2007) [ 17 ]

The Pucara Group

Rosas et al., (2007) [ 18 ]

In situ brecciation on the lower levels of the Chambara Fm
[ 19 ]
Lower levels in the Chambara Fm [ 20 ]
mid levels in the Chambara Fm [ 21 ]
mid levels in the Chambara Fm [ 22 ]
Representative microscopic photographs of
Chambará facies in Malpaso section. (a) Grain of
grapestone, the agglutinated components.
(b) Grapestone, agglutinated components partially
dissolved and cemented peloids (25 m above Mitu).
(c) Strongly chertified oolitic grainstone with
bioclasts (138 m above Mitu).
(d) Bioclasts from a crinoid bank, dolosparite (dol)
and kaolinite (kao) as cement (crossed nicols; 314 m
above Mitu).
(e) Finely crystalline dolomite, probably early
diagenetic, algal mat with bird’s-eye porosity,
cemented by a first-generation dolomitic cement;
facies occurs directly
on top of subtidal facies (280 m above Mitu).
(f) Bird’s-eye porosity filled with geopetal cement
and consisting of finely crystalline sparite (fcs)
replacing internal sediments and coarsely crystalline
sparite (ccs) filling empty spaces; the petrographic
texture corresponds to a micritized peloidal and
oolitic
grainstone; facies overlies subtidal facies (32 m
above Mitu).

Rosas et al., (2007) [ 23 ]

 Oolitic grainstones are really good to host ore deposits!, because
they are formed in oligotrophic environments

Mesotrófico

Eu
A: Un agregado de oolitos, indicando bajo a moderado cambios en los
niveles de energía de agua, en condiciones de clima tropicales a
Meso

subtropicales, ambientes bajo en nutrientes y bajas tasas de sedimentación,

formado aledaños a los bancos de oolitos.
B: Oolitos mostrando una micritización en sus láminas tangenciales, debido
al reemplazamiento de aragonito por calcita. Estos se forman en aguas
Oligo

someras, las cuales son regularmente agitadas por olas y corrientes por
largos periodos de tiempo, su abundancia depende del bajo contenido de
aporte de material siliciclástico, dados en climas de temperaturas altas,
aledaños a bajas latitudes. [ 24 ]
 The sedimentology system determined for the Chambará Formation

Carbonate Platforms
• Sediment is produced mainly by biological and chemical processes in situ; •Grain size is not necessarily
related to the amount and/or type of transport;
• Sediments are commonly both cemented and dissolved in situ; much carbonate mud is produced through
bio-erosion;
• Precipitation and dissolution of different types of calcite has varied through geological time; and most
shallow-water carbonates are deposited in warm shallow water near the equator. [ 25 ]
Source: mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk/.../carbonate.html
 El sistema sedimentario de la Fm Chambará es interpretado como un
ambiente de plataforma tipo barrera.

Representación del sistema sedimentario de la Fm Chambará y la distribución de sus ambientes sedimentarios con sus respectivas
asociaciones de facies sedimentareas (1a, 1b, … 5a). Se indica que las mejores facies reservorios corresponde a las facies barrera
(3a-3c) y las facies laguranes como sello (2a-2c). [ 26 ]
 Las Facies 3a-c hospedan la principal
mineralización en la parte central de Perú,
mientras que las facies lagunares actuan como
sello (después de Rosas, 1994)

[ 27 ]
 Las facies sedimentarias reconocidas en los alrededores de Cerro de Pasco.
The Pucara Group
A B C D

A: Un agregado de oolitos, indicando bajo a moderado cambios

en los niveles de energía de agua, formado aledaños a los bancos
de oolitos (Facies 3c).
B: Oolitos formados en aguas someras, los cuales son
regularmente agitadas por olas y corrientes por largos periodos de
tiempo, su abundancia depende del bajo contenido de aporte de
material siliciclástico, dados en climas de temperaturas altas
(Facies 3a)
D: Grainstona oolítica fuertemente chertificada con bioclastos
(Facies 2c) y C: Componentes aglutinados parcialmente disueltos
y cementos de peloides (Facies 2a), después de Rosas et al., (2007
[ 28 ]
)
respectivamente.
 Las facies sedimentarias reconocidas en los alrededores de Cerro de Pasco.

A B

A: Floastones de diversa fauna (Facies 4b).

B: Packstones – floatstones de espinas de equinordemos y
fragmentos de braquiopodos (Facies 4c).

[ 29 ]
Carbonaceous mudstones of the Aramachay Fm [ 30 ]
Carbonaceous mudstones
with ammonites of the
Aramachay Fm

[ 31 ]
Carbonaceous mudstones of the Aramachay Fm [ 32 ]
[ 33 ]
Major elements performed by the Pucara Group

Rosas et al., (2007)

[ 34 ]
Comparison of dolomite type and
detrital content of each measured
section. fd, finely crystalline
dolomite; cd, medium to coarsely
crystalline dolomite.

Rosas et al., (2007) [ 35 ]

Schematic summary of late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic basin
evolution by persistent reworking of older basement faults (cf. Fig. 2).
carbonate platform.

Dolomitization distribution in the Pucara Group where is shown that this

occurs extensively in the Chambara Fm which hosts major MVT
mineralization

Rosas et al., (2007) [ 36 ]

 Jurassic climate change: Socosani Fm
Laurentia Angara
(North America) (Siberia)
Baltica
(Europe)

Pathalassa

a
Tethys
e
ng
Gondwana
Pa

Pathalassa

Middle Jurassic, 170 Ma

Ammonites exploded in diversity after the end-Triassic near-extinction. The Pangea super-continent
split during mid-Jurassic into Laurasia and Gondwana separated by a Tethys-Atlantic seaway.

Blakey (2011) [ 37 ]
 Arequipa Basin

Carlotto et al. (2009) Westermann & Riccardi (1985)

Pelado Formation or lower Socosani

SEC 1
[ 39 ]
Pelado Formation or lower Socosani

SEC 2

SEC 1
[ 40 ]
Pelado Formation or lower Socosani

SEC 3

SEC 2

SEC 1
[ 41 ]
Pelado Formation or lower Socosani

SEC 4

SEC 3

SEC 2

SEC 1
[ 42 ]
Pelado Formation or lower Socosani

SEC 5

SEC 4

SEC 3

SEC 2

SEC 1
[ 43 ]
Pelado Formation or lower Socosani

SEC 6

SEC 5

SEC 4

SEC 3

SEC 2

SEC 1
[ 44 ]
 Early Cretaceous climate change

Angara
Laurentia Baltica

Pathalassa
Pathalassa

Gondwan Tethys
a

120 Ma
An explosion of calcareous nannoplankton and foraminifers in the warm seas created
massive chalk deposits. A surge in undersea volcanic activity enhanced super-greenhouse
conditions in the middle Cretaceous. Angiosperm plants bloomed on the dinosaur dominated
land during late Cretaceous. The Cretaceous ended with an asteroid impact
Blakey (2011) [ 45 ]
 Why is it important to study the mid-Cretaceous
records from Peru?

Studies dealing with mid-Cretaceous shallow-marine carbonate deposits in South

America is limited.
After Blakey (2011) [ 46 ]
 A´
Cajamarca
hic
rop
sot
e
M
A

Oyon

Oli
got
rop
hic

After Navarro-Ramirez et al. (2015)

[ 47 ]
 Albian – Turonian
Formations

After Navarro-Ramirez et al. (2015) [ 48 ]

 Outcrops location in the Cajamarca Region

Huameripashga

Piedra Parada

Quebrada Chinchin
Pulluicana

After Navarro-Ramirez et al. (2015) [ 49 ]

Impact of climate changes on the epeiric-neritic carbonate factory

Kilian major change from siliciclastic-dominated to carbonate

sedimentation [ 50 ]
Impact of climate changes on the epeiric-neritic carbonate factory

demise of neritic
middle Albian carbonate production

Sequ
ence
b ou n d
ary 1

lower Albian 1m

Leenhardt
O
demise of neritic carbonate production
A
E
1
Paquier
b
incipient platform drowning
Kilian major change from siliciclastic-dominated to carbonate
sedimentation [ 51 ]
Impact of climate changes on the epeiric-neritic carbonate factory
oyster
bioherms

OAE1d Enhanced
carbonate
deposition

OAE1c platform drowning and condensed sedimentation

Leenhardt
O
incipient platform drowning
A
E
1
Paquier
b
incipient platform drowning
Kilian major change from siliciclastic-dominated to carbonate
sedimentation [ 52 ]
Impact of climate changes on the epeiric-neritic carbonate factory

OAE2

o ma n ian
Cen
upper lower Turonian
CT
B
OAE2

1.7 m

reduced heterozoan Incipient

carbonate carbonate carbonate
production production drowning

MCE1 increased siliciclastic influx and an overall reduced carbonate

production

[ 53 ]
Sedimentological outcome

After Navarro-Ramirez et al. (2015) [ 54 ]

Facies code

After Navarro-Ramirez et al. (2015) [ 55 ]

 Cajamarca composite section

Sr/86Sr = 0.707435± 7x10-6

87

87
Sr/86Sr = 0.707380± 6x10-6

After Navarro-Ramirez et al. (2016) [ 56 ]

 Cajamarca composite section Tethyan composite section
(after Navarro-Ramirez et al., 2016) (after Herrle et al., 2015 )

OAE2

MCE1

OAE1d

OAE1c
Leenhar
dt
OAE1 Paquier
b
Kilian

[ 57 ]
Gangl et al. (2019) [ 58 ]
 Outcrops location in the Oyon region
Lauricocha
(Central Peru)

Uchucchacua

[ 59 ]
Cross section of the Jumasha Fm in the Uchucchacua área, Laguna de Paton

Ji= lower Jumasha Fm

Jm=mid Jumasha Fm

Romani (1982)
Uchucchacua section

Tur
onia
n n
Albia

o m anian
Cen
100m

Lauricocha section

lower
n upper Turonian
middle Al bi a
upper Cenomanian lower
Cenomanian Turonian
le
midd an
o m ani
Cen
p pe ro m a nian
ur Cen an
25m o e
l enomani
w 25m
C
[ 61 ]
Upper
Jumasha

Middle
Jumasha

Lower
Jumasha

[ 62 ]
Lower
Jumasha

[ 63 ]
Middle
Jumasha

Lower
Jumasha

[ 64 ]
Middle
Jumasha

Lower
Jumasha

[ 65 ]
Middle
Jumasha

Lower
Jumasha

Perouvianella peruviana (Steinmann) from central Peru Jumasha 4.

Consorti et al (2018) [ 66 ]
Upper
Jumasha

Middle
Jumasha

Lower
Jumasha

[ 67 ]
Correlation between Cajamarca and Uchucchacua sections, and with the Tethyan section, showing geochemistry data
 Mesotrophic communities

Mesotrophic communities

Correlation between Cajamarca and Uchucchacua sections, which are characterized by mesotrophic assemblages
 [ 70 ]

Correlation between Cajamarca, Uchucchacua and Lauricocha sections, showing geochemestry data and OAEs
 M
Eutro.

M
Mesotrophic

Oligotrophic assemblages
Oligotrophic assemblages
Mesotrophic

[ 71 ]

In this correlation, the central Peru sections are characterized by oligotrophic assemblages
Upper
Jumasha

Middle
Jumasha

Lower
Jumasha
[ 72 ]
 Cel
Meso
phic s
tro tion

Ju-sup
Zn (ppm)
u
O
E di n

Al2O3_pct
n
co atio

Oligotrophic
E

hic
r op

Ju-m
t
M Eu
O
Al2SiO
O3 (wt%)
2_pct
Mesotrophic

Mesotrophic
phic s
utro tion
E di
Al2O3_pct
n
co

M
O
SiO2_pct
ProExplo Alberto Paz (2015)
 Mesotrophic setting

[ 74 ] [ 74 ]
[ 74 ]
Mesotrophic

Oligotrophic

[ 75 ]
[ 75 ]
Mesotrophic

Eu
tro
ph
ic

Turonian-Conician [ 76 ]
[ 76 ]
Fm Ferrobamba, Cotabambas

[ 77 ]
(Carlotto et al., 2016)
Sillitoe (2010)

[ 78 ]