ORAL AND MAXILLO-

FACIAL RADIOLOGY
Principles and
Interpretation

Presented by
Dr. Mohamed Hussein
The National Ribat University
 COURSE OBJECTIVES
( I ) SEMESTER 5
By the end of this course you should be able
to know the following:
1 ) Radiation Physics
2 ) Radiation safety and protection
3 ) Biologic effects of radiation
4 ) Projection geometry
5 ) Image receptors
6 ) Common causes of faulty radiographs
7 ) Intraoral radiographic examinations
8 ) Extraoral radiographic examinations
9 ) Specialized radiographic techniques
Radiographic interpretation ) 10
Normal radiographic anatomy ) 11
Guidelines for prescribing dental ) 12
radiographs
Principles of radiographic ) 13
interpretation
 ( II ) SEMESTER 6
14 )
Dental caries
15 )
Periodontal diseases
16 )
Dental anomalies
17 )
Inflammatory lesions of the jaws
18 )
Cysts of the jaws
19 )
Benign tumors of the jaws
20 )
Malignant diseases of the jaws
21 )
Diseases of bone manifested in
the jaws
22 ) Systemic diseases manifested in
the jaws
23 ) Disorders of the TMJ
24 ) Paranasal sinuses
25 ) Soft tissue calcification and
ossification
26 ) Trauma to teeth and facial
structures
27 ) Developmental disturbances of the
face and jaws
28 ) Salivary gland radiology
29 ) Orofacial implants
 REFERENCES
• ( 1 ) STUART C. WHITE, MICHAEL J
PHAROAH, 2000. Oral Radiology :
Principles and Interpretation
• ( 2 ) Eric Whaites, R. A. Cawson, 1996.
Essentials of Dental Radiography and
Radiology. (second edition)
• ( 3 ) Rita Mason and Sarah Bourne, 1998. A
Guide to Dental Radiography (Fourth Edition)
• ( 4 ) Olaf E. Langland, Robert P. Langlais
and John W. Preece, 2002. Principles of
Dental Imaging. (second edition)
• ( 5 ) Joen Iannucci Haring, Laura Jansen,
2000. Dental Radiography : Principles and
techniques. (second edition)
• ( 6 ) Laetitia Brocklebank, 1997. Dental
Radiology : Understanding the X-Ray
Image
• ( 7 ) Prof. Dr. Mouchira Salah El-din, Dr.
Mushira M Dahaba, Dr. Hala Zakaria
Mahmoud and Dr. Nashwa Salah
Mohamed. Oral Radiology : Principles
and techniques. Part 1 and Part 2
 (1)
RADIATION
PHYSICS
LECTURE
OBJECTIVES
By the end of this lecture you
should be able to know the
:following
Atomic Structure ) 1
2 ) Ionization
3 ) Nature of radiation
 Introduction
• X-rays were discovered by Roentgen in
1895.
• He called them x-rays because their
nature was then unknown.
• To understand the production and
interactions of x-rays a basic knowledge
of atomic physics is essential.
 Atomic Structure
• Atoms consist of a nucleus
(protons and neutrons) surrounded by
electrons in specific orbits or shells.
• The orbits, or shells, are identified by
a letter (K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q
shells).
Atomic structure
 IONIZATION
• If an electrically neutral atom
loses an electron, it becomes
a positive ion, and the free
electron is a negative ion. 
This process is termed
ionization.
 Nature of radiation
• Radiation is the
transmission of energy
through space and
matter
• Some of the properties of
electromagnetic radiation are
best expressed by wave
theory, whereas others are
most successfully described
by quantum theory.
The Wave Theory
• Radiation is propagated in the
form of waves.
• Such waves consist of
electrical and magnetic fields.
 Quantum Theory
• Quantum theory depicts
electromagnetic radiation as
small bundles of energy
called photons.
• Each photon travels at
the speed of light and
contains a specific
amount of energy.
The x-ray machine
• The heart of an x-ray machine
is the x-ray tube and its
power supply.
• The x-ray tube is positioned
within the tube head.
• Tube head including the recessed x-ray
tube, components of the power supply,
and the oil yoke
 X-ray Tube
• The x-ray tube, is composed of a
cathode and an anode.
• The cathode serves as a source of
electrons to be directed at the anode.
• When electrons from the cathode strike
the target ( focal spot ) in the anode,
they produce x-rays.
• X - ray tube with the major
components labeled.
• X - RAY TUBE. A, Focusing cup (arrow). B,
Focal spot area (arrows).
 Timer
• The timer controls the time
that high-voltage is applied to
the tube and therefore the
time during which x-rays are
produced.