SUMMARY

DISCUSSION

GROUP
2

Feeling
 Is something that we share with others. Feelings are
emotions we experience in response to situations or
people. Feelings can range from positive experiences
like joy, excitement, and love to more negative
experiences like fear, anger, and sadness. We all have
different ways of expressing and experiencing our
emotions. They are distinct from thinking or
reasoning, but we use the same language to express
them. Feelings can also be powerful motivators. They
can affect our behavior and decision-making and can
even influence our body language. For instance,
feelings of joy can often lead us to smile and laugh.
Similarly, feelings of anger can fuel a desire to seek
revenge.
There are three distinct levels of
sharing – superficial, intellectual, and
gut level.
Superficial
Level
In lay term, this level is called
“TSIMIS”
Talk about issues without factual basis
and will remain in this level until
proven with proof to your claim.
In social context, it is now known as
“fake news”
Intellectual Talk about things with factual
Level basis, be it your own opinion
supported by existing facts or be it
a narrative of already acceptable
factual claims.
This involves our rational ability
to justify claims based on facts. It
do not accept truth simply because
somebody has claimed it as truth.
Gut Level It is what we share that emerged
from our feelings.
Ethical This idea of ethical subjectivism has developed a simple idea in the
words of David Hume who claimed that morality is a matter of
Subjectivism sentinents and not a matter of fact.
Morality is not based on objectivism (impartiality) but on what one
personally feel is what believes in. There are just different opinions
so, no one is right. There are no facts, only different feelings
There is no objective right and wrong because everything are just
personal expressions of feelings. So when a subjectivist is asked
whether something is morally good or bad, his response is simply a
subjective approval or disapproval of it.

States that the idea that something is good or bad means approval
Simple or disapproval of that something.
Subjectivism
First Implication: It cannot account for disagreement
Second Implication: It implies that we are always right.
 EMOTIVISM
IT WAS DEVELOPED BY CHARLES L. STEVESON,
AND WAS CONSIDERED AS ONE OF THE MOST
INFLUENTIAL THEORIES OF ETHICS IN THE 20 TH
CENTURY.
THIS HOLDS THAT MORAL JUDGMENT
EXPRESSES FEELINGS, NOT REASONS, NOT
MORAL TRUTHS, NOT MORAL KNOWLEDGE.
EMOTIVISM HAS TWO DIFFERENT PURPOSES:
1. TO INFLUENCE BEHAVIOR AND EXPRESS THE
SPEAKER’S ATTITUDE
2. TO EXPRESS THE SPEAKER’S ATTITUDE
CONNECTING EMOTION WITH
DECISION MAKING
Without emotions to motivate and push
us, we would be passive and do nothing.
Feelings are helpful in decision-making,
leading life–changing paths. We often
experience a mix of emotions, including
misery, excitement, and quasi-terror,
when making big changes, such as
leaving comfort and embarking on a
new path
 MODEL FOR MAKING MORAL DECISIONS

An Ethical Dilemma is a conflict between two or more values – virtue driven interests.
You have to identify the parties in the conflict, what their interest are, and what virtues
and values underlie those interests.

7 Steps of Moral Reasoning Model

1. Gather Facts
2. Determine the ethical
3. Determine what virtues / principles have a bearing on the case.
4. List the alternatives creatively. Determine possible courses of action for your
dilemma.
5. Compare the alternatives with the virtues/principles.
6. Consider the consequences.
7. Make a decision
 REASON VS WILL
 REASON
 WILL
 refers to that faculty of the mind which chooses, at the
moment of making decision, the strongest desire from

the various desire present. Not a ‘desire’ but the capacity is the faculty of the mind that is
to act decisively on ones desire. associated with
Does not refer to any particular desire, but rather to the
logical thinking, analysis, and
capacity to act decisively on one’s desires. deduction

WILL AS EQUALLY IMPORTANT AS REASON

The will does not operate independently without reason. It needs reason to set
up the right goals, to know to reach that goal, and to monitoring the
development. The reason is greatly needed by the will to ensure that goals are
clearly defined. It needs to create practical feedbacks that encourage an authentic
response of the will.
 With reference to the goal or end – Apprehension, Volition,
Conation, and Enjoyment

Apprehension - fear that something bad or unpleasant is going to happen.

Volition – the power to make your our decision.
Conation – is an inclination( such as an instinct , a drive, a wish, or a craving) to act purposely.
Enjoyment – a feeling of pleasure caused by doing or experiencing something you like.

ON THE PART OF ON THE PART OF

INTELLECT THE WILL

COUNSEL – something that provides CONSENT – is the act of voluntarily

direction or advice as to decision or course giving permission to a specific action.
of action. ELECTION – is an act or process of
JUDGEMENT – the ability to form valuable electing
opinions and make good decisions. EXECUTION – the act of carrying out,
COMMAND – is an order or directive given performing, or completing, as in the
by someone in authority.
execution of an order or decree.
TWO CHARACTERISTIC OF REASON AND WILL
THE PRACTICAL VIEWS
1. ALL ARE UNIQUELY HUMAN - that the capacity for reason and will is a distinctive feature of human beings, not
2. ALL ARE CONTROLLED – signifies that reason and will are subject to regulation or influence. Human beings have
BIRTH AND GROWTH TO MATURITY OF HUMAN ACT

BIRTH – the process of being born, marking the

entry of human into the world.

GROWTH TO MATURITY –
the continuous development and maturation of a
human from infancy through childhood,
adolescene, and evemtually into adulthood,
involving physical, mental and emotional changes
and experiences.

THE GOVERNMENT OF THE KINGDOM OF MAN

It implies the political, social, and economic systems that regulate and influence human interactions,
including the establishment of laws, institutions, and leadership structures. In summary, it represents
the systems and mechanisms by which human societies are ruled and managed.
PREPARED BY GROUP 2:

LEADER:
DEOCAMPO, IRIS MAY J.

MEMBERS:
MONFORTE, JERALD JOHN
DE LOS REYES, JEUARD B.
NAVALES, KENLY
 QUESTIONS
 1.